Abstract
A continuous-culture experiment was performed to investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios (TF:legume = 75:25, 50:50, or 25:75 on a DM basis) of 3 different TF-legume mixed diets [TF-alfalfa (TF+AF), TF-birdsfoot trefoil (TF+BT), or TF-cicer milkvetch (TF+CM)] on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Nine dietary treatments were tested in a 3 (TF-legume ratio) × 3 (TF-legume mixed diet) split-plot design. Dietary treatments did not affect the concentrations of total VFA, acetate, and butyrate, whereas increasing legume proportion increased propionate concentration (P = 0.03). Regardless of TF-legume ratio, feeding TF+CM re sulted in the greatest propionate concentration, whereas TF+AF and TF+BT maintained a similar concentration of propionate. The TF+AF combination resulted in a greater acetate-to-propionate ratio than TF+BT or TF+CM (P = 0.03). Decrease in ammonia-N concentration (P < 0.01) was noticed when legume proportion decreased. Ammonia-N concentration of TF+CM decreased (P < 0.01) compared with TF+AF, and it further decreased in cultures receiving TF+BT (P < 0.01). Methane production was decreased by increasing legume proportions, and the result was particularly notable in TF+BT due to increased condensed tannin concentration. In addition, TF+BT increased the proportion of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased C18:0 in the culture (P < 0.01), but no effects were detected because of legume ratio. Results of this experiment indicate that increasing the proportion of legume in combination with TF favorably shifted in vitro fermentation pathways by producing more propionate and less ammonia-N and methane.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Dietary treatments did not affect total VFA, acetate or butyrate concentrations in vitro.
- Taxon
- tall fescue
Lolium arundinaceume0 - Treatment
- Dietary treatmentse2
- Outcome
- total VFA, acetate, and butyratee2
- Direction
- did not affecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e2“Dietary treatments did not affect the concentrations of total VFA, acetate, and butyrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing legume proportion increased propionate concentration.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- increasing legume proportione3
- Outcome
- propionate concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e3“increasing legume proportion increased propionate concentration (P = 0.03)”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding TF+CM gave the greatest propionate concentration regardless of TF-legume ratio.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- feeding TF+CMe4
- Outcome
- propionate concentratione4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Qualifier
- Regardless of TF-legume ratioe4
- Comparator
- TF+AF and TF+BTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e4“Regardless of TF-legume ratio, feeding TF+CM re sulted in the greatest propionate concentration”
e5“TF+AF and TF+BT maintained a similar concentration of propionate”
Claim · model-written summary
TF+AF and TF+BT maintained a similar propionate concentration.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- TF+AFe5
- Outcome
- concentration of propionatee5
- Direction
- similare5
- Comparator
- TF+BTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e5“TF+AF and TF+BT maintained a similar concentration of propionate”
Claim · model-written summary
TF+AF gave a greater acetate-to-propionate ratio than TF+BT or TF+CM.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- TF+AF combinatione6
- Outcome
- acetate-to-propionate ratioe6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Comparator
- TF+BT or TF+CMe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e6“The TF+AF combination resulted in a greater acetate-to-propionate ratio than TF+BT or TF+CM (P = 0.03)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia-N concentration decreased when legume proportion decreased.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- legume proportion decreasede7
- Outcome
- ammonia-N concentratione7
- Direction
- Decreasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e7“Decrease in ammonia-N concentration (P < 0.01) was noticed when legume proportion decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia-N concentration was lower in TF+CM than in TF+AF.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- TF+CMe6
- Outcome
- Ammonia-N concentratione6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Comparator
- TF+AFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e6“Ammonia-N concentration of TF+CM decreased (P < 0.01) compared with TF+AF”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia-N concentration was further lower in TF+BT than in TF+CM.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- TF+BTe6
- Outcome
- Ammonia-N concentratione6
- Direction
- further decreasede6
- Comparator
- TF+CMe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e6“Ammonia-N concentration of TF+CM decreased (P < 0.01) compared with TF+AF, and it further decreased in cultures receiving TF+BT (P < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Methane production decreased with increasing legume proportions.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- increasing legume proportionse4
- Outcome
- Methane productione4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e1“TF-cicer milkvetch (TF+CM)”
e4“Methane production was decreased by increasing legume proportions”
Claim · model-written summary
The methane decrease was particularly notable in TF+BT, which the authors attribute to increased condensed tannin concentration.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Compound
- condensed tannine4
- Outcome
- Methane productione4
- Qualifier
- particularly notable in TF+BTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e4“Methane production was decreased by increasing legume proportions, and the result was particularly notable in TF+BT due to increased condensed tannin concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
TF+BT increased the proportion of C18:1 trans-11 in the culture.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- TF+BTe7
- Outcome
- proportion of C18:1 trans-11e7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e7“In addition, TF+BT increased the proportion of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased C18:0 in the culture (P < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
TF+BT decreased C18:0 in the culture.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- TF+BTe7
- Outcome
- C18:0e7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e7“In addition, TF+BT increased the proportion of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased C18:0 in the culture (P < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume ratio had no detectable effect on C18 fatty acid changes in the culture.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- legume ratioe7
- Outcome
- C18:0e7
- Direction
- no effectse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigate the effects of tall fescue (TF)-to-legume ratios”
e7“In addition, TF+BT increased the proportion of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased C18:0 in the culture (P < 0.01), but no effects were detected because of legume ratio”
The same questions in other papers
infection · molecular: metabolites · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.