Abstract
Plant root exudates affect root-knot nematodes egg hatch. Chemicals in root exudates can attract nematodes to the roots or result in repellence, motility inhibition or even death. However, until recently little was known about the relationship between tomato root exudates chemicals and root-knot nematodes. In this study, root exudates were extracted from three tomato rootstocks with varying levels of nematode resistance: Baliya (highly resistant, HR), RS2 (moderately resistant, MR) and L-402 (highly susceptible, T). The effects of the root exudates on Meloidogyne incognita (M. incognita) egg hatch, survival and chemotaxis of second-stage juveniles (J2) were explored. The composition of the root exudates was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) prior to and following M. incognita inoculation. Four compounds in root exudates were selected for further analysis and their allopathic effect on M. incognita were investigated. Root exudates from each tomato rootstocks (HR, MR and T strains) suppressed M. incognita egg hatch and increased J2 mortality, with the highest rate being observed in the exudates from the HR plants. Exudate from HR variety also repelled M. incognita J2 while that of the susceptible plant, T, was demonstrated to be attractive. The relative amount of esters and phenol compounds in root exudates from HR and MR tomato rootstocks increased notably after inoculation. Four compounds, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate, dibutyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate increased significantly after inoculation. The egg hatch of M. incognita was suppressed by each of the compound. L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate showed the most notable effect in a concentration-dependent manner. All four compounds were associated with increased J2 mortality. The greatest effect was observed with dimethyl phthalate at 2 mmol·L-1. Dibutyl phthalate was the only compound observed to repel M. incognita J2 with no effect being detected in the other compounds. Each of the four compounds were correlated with a reduction in disease index in the susceptible cultivar, T, and tomato seedlings irrigated with L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate at 2 mmol·L-1 showed the best resistance to M. incognita. Taken together, this study provided a valuable contribution to understanding the underlying mechanism of nematode resistance in tomato cultivars.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Exudates from all three tomato rootstocks suppressed nematode egg hatch, strongest for HR.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Root exudates from each tomato rootstocks (HR, MR and T strains)e0
- Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Outcome
- M. incognita egg hatche0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Root exudates from each tomato rootstocks (HR, MR and T strains) suppressed M. incognita egg hatch and increased J2 mortality, with the highest rate being observed in the exudates from the HR plants”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exudates from all three rootstocks increased J2 mortality, strongest for HR.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Root exudates from each tomato rootstocks (HR, MR and T strains)e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- J2 mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root exudates from each tomato rootstocks (HR, MR and T strains) suppressed M. incognita egg hatch and increased J2 mortality, with the highest rate being observed in the exudates from the HR plants”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
HR exudate repelled M. incognita juveniles.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exudate from HR varietye0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. incognita J2e0
- Direction
- repellede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exudate from HR variety also repelled M. incognita J2”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible T exudate attracted M. incognita juveniles.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- susceptible plant, Te0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Meloidogyne incognitat0
- Direction
- attractivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of the susceptible plant, T, was demonstrated to be attractive”
t0“Meloidogyne incognita”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Esters and phenol compounds in HR and MR tomato exudates increased after inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- relative amount of esters and phenol compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative amount of esters and phenol compounds in root exudates from HR and MR tomato rootstocks increased notably after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Four named exudate compounds increased significantly after inoculation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate, dibutyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalatee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four compounds, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate, dibutyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate increased significantly after inoculation”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Each of four exudate compounds suppressed M. incognita egg hatch.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- each of the compounde0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- egg hatch of M. incognitae0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The egg hatch of M. incognita was suppressed by each of the compound”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate had the strongest concentration-dependent egg-hatch effect.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitatee0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- egg hatch of M. incognitae1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Qualifier
- most notable effect in a concentration-dependent mannere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate showed the most notable effect in a concentration-dependent manner”
e1“The egg hatch of M. incognita was suppressed by each of the compound”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All four compounds increased J2 mortality.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- All four compoundse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitat1pathogen
- Outcome
- J2 mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All four compounds were associated with increased J2 mortality”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Meloidogyne incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Dimethyl phthalate at 2 mmol·L-1 gave the greatest J2 mortality effect.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- dimethyl phthalate at 2 mmol·L-1e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitat1pathogen
- Outcome
- J2 mortalitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest effect was observed with dimethyl phthalate at 2 mmol·L-1”
e1“All four compounds were associated with increased J2 mortality”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Meloidogyne incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Dibutyl phthalate alone repelled M. incognita J2.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Dibutyl phthalatee0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. incognita J2e0
- Direction
- repele0
- Comparator
- other compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dibutyl phthalate was the only compound observed to repel M. incognita J2 with no effect being detected in the other compounds”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Each of four compounds correlated with reduced disease index in susceptible T tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Te0
- Treatment
- four compoundse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitat1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Each of the four compounds were correlated with a reduction in disease index in the susceptible cultivar, T”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Meloidogyne incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation with L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate at 2 mmol·L-1 gave seedlings the best nematode resistance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- irrigated with L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate at 2 mmol·L-1e0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to M. incognitae0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato seedlings irrigated with L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate at 2 mmol·L-1 showed the best resistance to M. incognita”
The same questions in other papers
grafting · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →allelopathy · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
irrigation · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.