Abstract
Six different colchicine concentrations: 0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 ppm, in combination with four soaking time treatments (1, 2, 3, and 4 h), were selected to assess the effects on germination, vegetative growth, and flower yield components in calendula plants. The molecular diversity among the treatments was assessed using ten SRAP marker combinations. Seed soaking in colchicine significantly enhanced both the fresh and the dry shoot and root masses, flowering date, number of flowers per plant, and flower diameter. At 1200-ppm colchicine combined with a 4-h soaking time, a superior effect on seed germination was observed, whereas 800 ppm for 4 h produced the highest number of flowers and the largest flower diameter. The earliest flowering time was found at 800 ppm combined with a short soaking time (1 h), while the 4-h soaking time with 800 ppm, is recommended for growing calendula outdoors, since it enhances flower development. At the molecular level, 752 fragments were successfully amplified using the SRAP primers, with 280 genetic loci found throughout the calendula genome. The polymorphism percentage ranged from 79 to 100% and the polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged between 0.85 and 0.97. The high number of detected loci and PIC values suggests a great power of SRAP markers in detecting mutant molecular diversity. Our results clearly show the existence of genetic variation among colchicine treated calendula plants and the clustering of the studied mutants was concordant with the colchicine concentration used.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking in colchicine significantly enhanced fresh and dry shoot and root masses of calendula.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.
Calendula officinalist0 - Treatment
- Seed soaking in colchicinee0
- Outcome
- fresh and the dry shoot and root massese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“Seed soaking in colchicine significantly enhanced both the fresh and the dry shoot and root masses, flowering date, number of flowers per plant, and flower diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking in colchicine significantly enhanced flowering date, number of flowers per plant and flower diameter of calendula.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- Seed soaking in colchicinee0
- Outcome
- flowering date, number of flowers per plant, and flower diametere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“Seed soaking in colchicine significantly enhanced both the fresh and the dry shoot and root masses, flowering date, number of flowers per plant, and flower diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Colchicine at 1200 ppm combined with a 4-h soaking time had a superior effect on calendula seed germination.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- 1200-ppm colchicine combined with a 4-h soaking timee0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- superior effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“At 1200-ppm colchicine combined with a 4-h soaking time, a superior effect on seed germination was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Colchicine at 800 ppm for 4 h produced the highest number of flowers and the largest flower diameter in calendula.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- 800 ppm for 4 he0
- Outcome
- highest number of flowers and the largest flower diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“800 ppm for 4 h produced the highest number of flowers and the largest flower diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
The earliest flowering time in calendula was found at 800 ppm colchicine combined with a short 1 h soaking time.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- 800 ppm combined with a short soaking time (1 h)e0
- Outcome
- flowering timee0
- Direction
- earlieste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“The earliest flowering time was found at 800 ppm combined with a short soaking time (1 h)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend a 4-h soaking time with 800 ppm colchicine for growing calendula outdoors because it enhances flower development.
CalendulaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 4-h soaking time with 800 ppm, is recommended for growing calendula outdoors, since it enhances flower development”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten SRAP primer combinations amplified 752 fragments in colchicine-treated calendula.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Outcome
- fragments were successfully amplifiede0
- Value
- 752e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“752 fragments were successfully amplified using the SRAP primers”
Claim · model-written summary
The SRAP primers detected 280 genetic loci throughout the calendula genome.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“280 genetic loci found throughout the calendula genome”
Claim · model-written summary
The polymorphism percentage of the SRAP markers in calendula ranged from 79 to 100%.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Outcome
- polymorphism percentagee0
- Value
- 79 to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“The polymorphism percentage ranged from 79 to 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymorphic information content values of the SRAP markers in calendula ranged between 0.85 and 0.97.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Outcome
- polymorphic information content (PIC) valuese0
- Value
- 0.85 and 0.97e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“the polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged between 0.85 and 0.97”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the high number of detected loci and PIC values indicate a great power of SRAP markers in detecting mutant molecular diversity.
Verbatim
e0“The high number of detected loci and PIC values suggests a great power of SRAP markers in detecting mutant molecular diversity”
e1“ranged between 0.85 and 0.97”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic variation exists among colchicine-treated calendula plants.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Outcome
- genetic variatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“the existence of genetic variation among colchicine treated calendula plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Clustering of the studied calendula mutants was concordant with the colchicine concentration used.
- Taxon
- Calendula officinalis L.Calendula officinalist0
- Treatment
- colchicine concentratione0
- Outcome
- clustering of the studied mutantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Calendula officinalis L.”
e0“the clustering of the studied mutants was concordant with the colchicine concentration used”
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.