Abstract
Wheat grain yield and quality are affected by environmental factors.Temperature is a major component in environmental variations with a marked effect on grain filling in wheat.Short period of heat shock,above 30℃ for a few days,happens frequently during grain filling period in many wheat-growing areas in the world,and becomes an important factor limiting wheat yield and quality.The present study investigated the effects of transient high temperature after anthesis on grain protein content and activities of nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) to understand the mechanism of heat damage.We arranged daily average temperature 25,30,35,and 40℃,respectively in a phytotron,and treated wheat plants during different grain filling periods.The tested wheat cultivars were Yangmai 9 with weak gluten and Yangmai 12 with medium gluten.The results showed that grain protein content under the temperature above 35℃ from anthesis to the 33rd days after anthesis(DAA) was significantly higher than that under normal temperature,and significantly increased with the raise of temperature.There was a little effect of heat stress on protein content after the 33rd DAA.High temperature at different filling stages had different effects on protein content in grains.When heat shock temperature was above 35℃ at the early filling stage,the effect of heat shock from the 6th to 8th DAA was the greatest,followed by that from the 1st to 3rd DAA.Under the same temperature at the middle and late stages,the effect of heat shock from the 19th to 21st DAA was greater,while that from the 36th to 38th DAA was lower. Effects of heat shock at the early filling stage on grain protein content were greater than those at the middle and late stages.At the same stage,the higher the temperature,the lower the NR and GS activities in flag leaves.High temperature stress during grain filling decreased the duration of grain filling and grain weight,which increased grain protein content relatively.Heat damage led to lower quality of grain protein in wheat.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein content above 35℃ through day 33 after anthesis was significantly higher than at normal temperature.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- temperature above 35℃e0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- from anthesis to the 33rd days after anthesis(DAA)e0
- Comparator
- normal temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain protein content under the temperature above 35℃ from anthesis to the 33rd days after anthesis(DAA) was significantly higher than that under normal temperature”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein content significantly increased as temperature rose.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente2
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly increased with the raise of temperature”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“grain protein content under the temperature above 35℃ from anthesis to the 33rd days after anthesis(DAA) was significantly higher than that under normal temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress after day 33 had little effect on protein content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Qualifier
- after the 33rd DAAe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a little effect of heat stress on protein content after the 33rd DAA”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early heat shock on days 6–8 had the greatest effect on grain protein content, followed by days 1–3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat shock temperature was above 35℃e0
- Outcome
- effect of heat shocke0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- from the 6th to 8th DAAe0
- Comparator
- from the 1st to 3rd DAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When heat shock temperature was above 35℃ at the early filling stage,the effect of heat shock from the 6th to 8th DAA was the greatest,followed by that from the 1st to 3rd DAA”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At middle and late filling, heat shock on days 19–21 had a greater effect than heat shock on days 36–38.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat shock from the 19th to 21st DAAe0
- Outcome
- effect of heat shocke0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- from the 36th to 38th DAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the same temperature at the middle and late stages,the effect of heat shock from the 19th to 21st DAA was greater,while that from the 36th to 38th DAA was lower”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat shock early in filling affected grain protein more than at middle and late stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat shock at the early filling stagee0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- middle and late stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Effects of heat shock at the early filling stage on grain protein content were greater than those at the middle and late stages”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperatures lowered flag-leaf nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- NRe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same stage,the higher the temperature,the lower the NR and GS activities in flag leaves”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperatures lowered flag-leaf glutamine synthetase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- GSe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same stage,the higher the temperature,the lower the NR and GS activities in flag leaves”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature stress shortened grain filling duration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High temperature stresse0
- Outcome
- duration of grain fillinge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature stress during grain filling decreased the duration of grain filling and grain weight”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature stress decreased grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High temperature stresse0
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature stress during grain filling decreased the duration of grain filling and grain weight”
t0“Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat damage lowered grain protein quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat damagee0
- Outcome
- quality of grain proteine0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat damage led to lower quality of grain protein in wheat”
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See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.