Abstract
Content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Zinc nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling while under high temperature stress (HTS) are major problems in the production of high quality wheat. At present, there is a lack of studies on zinc fertilizer and HTS effects on wheat flour protein and the content of its components. For this study, treatment combinations of four levels of zinc fertilizers and exposure to a short-term HTS, at 20 d after flowering (D20), were tested on two wheat cultivars with different gluten levels. Individuals of a strong gluten wheat, Gaoyou 2018 (GY2018), and a medium gluten wheat, Zhongmai 8 (ZM8), were grown in pots at the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing in 2015–2017. We measured grain yield and weight and the activities of two enzymes (nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase) from the flag leaves, collected at D10 and D20. Total protein content, protein yield, and content of four protein components (albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin) were measured from flour produced from the pot-grown plants. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains, and reduced the grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and flag leaf nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities. The results showed that HTS and zinc fertilizer had greater impacts on the strong gluten cultivar compared to the medium gluten cultivar. Under HTS, grain yield decreased by 13 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively; protein yield decreased by 7 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively. Zinc fertilizer increased: grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin contents; protein yield; and NR and GS activities. In contrast, zinc fertilizer reduced the content of globulin. The addition of 15 mg Zn kg–1 soil had the strongest effect on grain yield and quality as compared to the other three treatments (additions of 0, 30, and 45 mg Zn kg–1 soil). Zinc fertilizer also reduced the negative effects of HTS on protein yield, content, and components’ content. Therefore, wheat grown with additional zinc in the soil can improve the quality of the flour.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased total protein, albumin and gliadin contents.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- total protein, albumin, gliadine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased glutenin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- glutenine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced grain yield and grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- grain yield, grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains, and reduced the grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and flag leaf nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced protein yield and globulin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HTSe1
- Outcome
- protein yield, globulin contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and flag leaf nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
e1“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HTSe1
- Outcome
- flag leaf nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and flag leaf nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
e1“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress and zinc fertilizer had greater impacts on the strong gluten cultivar than on the medium gluten cultivar.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- greater impactse0
- Comparator
- the medium gluten cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS and zinc fertilizer had greater impacts on the strong gluten cultivar compared to the medium gluten cultivar”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, grain yield decreased by 13% in GY2018.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GY2018e0
- Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under HTS, grain yield decreased by 13 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, grain yield decreased by 8% in ZM8.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- ZM8e0
- Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under HTS, grain yield decreased by 13 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, protein yield decreased by 7% in GY2018.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GY2018e0
- Treatment
- HTSe1
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein yield decreased by 7 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
e1“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, protein yield decreased by 8% in ZM8.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- ZM8e0
- Treatment
- HTSe1
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein yield decreased by 7 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
e1“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer increased grain and protein yields and grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizere0
- Outcome
- grain and protein yields; grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc fertilizer increased: grain and protein yields; grain weight”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer increased total protein, albumin and gliadin contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizere0
- Outcome
- total protein, albumin, gliadine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc fertilizer increased: grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin contents”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer increased glutenin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizere0
- Outcome
- glutenine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc fertilizer increased: grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin contents”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer increased nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizere0
- Outcome
- NR and GS activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc fertilizer increased: grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin contents; protein yield; and NR and GS activities”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer reduced globulin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- zinc fertilizere0
- Outcome
- content of globuline0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc fertilizer reduced the content of globulin”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15 mg Zn kg–1 soil addition had the strongest effect on grain yield and quality among tested doses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 15 mg Zn kg–1 soile0
- Outcome
- grain yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Comparator
- the other three treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of 15 mg Zn kg–1 soil had the strongest effect on grain yield and quality as compared to the other three treatments (additions of 0, 30, and 45 mg Zn kg–1 soil)”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc fertilizer reduced heat stress effects on protein yield, content and component content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zinc fertilizere0
- Outcome
- negative effects of HTS on protein yield, content, and components’ contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc fertilizer also reduced the negative effects of HTS on protein yield, content, and components’ content”
t0“wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that added soil zinc can improve wheat flour quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- improve the quality of the floure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grown with additional zinc in the soil can improve the quality of the flour”
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See all 32 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.