Abstract
The effects of garlic and scouring rush extracts and two plant products Bio clean and Citronella Oil, on spore germination, hyphae growth and infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves were evaluated and measured in comparison with protective fungicide chlorothalonil and distilled water which was used as control. Highest inhibitions on germination of P. infestans were obtained with Bio clean and garlic (Allium sativum L.). The inhibition rates on germination of sporangia and zoospores increased with increasing concentrations of these extracts and reached as high as 100 percent when the dosages were high. The germination of zoospores was totally stopped by all the concentrations of Bio clean and garlic. Scouring rush also showed antifungal properties but with less extent. Citronella oil didn't show effectiveness on inhibiting sporangium germination but reduced the germination rate of zoospores. Garlic extracts from fresh bulbs had stronger inhibiting effect than the extract from dry garlic bulbs on the germination of sporangia and zoospores. However, there was no significant difference between the extracts of immediately made from fresh bulbs and those which was kept for a week under 4℃. The effect of scouring rush extract from fresh leaves was not significantly superior over the extract from dry leaves and the extract from fresh leaves but stored for one week on inhibiting sporangium germination. However, the inhibiting effects against zoospore germination were significantly different between the extracts from fresh leaves and that from dry leaves. Tests were made on inhibiting effects of plant extracts and plant products on hyphae growth of P. infestans on petri dishes. No mater autoclaved or not, Bio clean 0.125% totally inhibited the formations of P. infestans colonies, which indicated that Bio clean is not sensitive to heat. The inhibiting effect of garlic was as good as Bio clean when it was not autoclaved. However, its effect lost completely when it was autoclaved. The inhibitory compound was possibly thermolabile. In general, the filter sterilized extracts had greater inhibitory effect on the fungus than the autoclaved samples. The effectiveness of various extracts on hyphae growth was in the decreasing order of Bio clean, garlic, scouring rush and Citronella oil. All the plant extracts and plant products had no curative effects on development of P. infestans on potato leaves. Bio clean (0.125%) had significant influence on inhibiting the infection of P. infestans when it was used at the same time to three days earlier than inoculation. Its effect was as good as chlorothalonil (0.1%). Garlic (2%) had strong inhibiting effect when it was used one day earlier or at the same time of inoculation. The inhibition rate reached 89% and 100% respectively. Comparing to untreated check, souring rush (4%) and Citronella oil (400 mg·kg -1 ) had some effects when they were used 1～2 days earlier than inoculation. However, the disease prevention effects were not enough. These results showed that Bio clean and garlic have strong antifungal properties and there are great potential for using them in potato plant protection against P. infestans .
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bio clean and garlic gave the highest inhibition of Phytophthora infestans germination.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Treatment
- Bio clean and garlice1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestanse0pathogen - Outcome
- inhibitions on germination of P. infestanse1
- Direction
- Higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e1“Highest inhibitions on germination of P. infestans were obtained with Bio clean and garlic (Allium sativum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination of zoospores was totally stopped by all concentrations of Bio clean and garlic.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Bio clean and garlice2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of zoosporese2
- Direction
- totally stoppede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e2“The germination of zoospores was totally stopped by all the concentrations of Bio clean and garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition rates on germination of sporangia and zoospores increased with increasing concentrations of the extracts and reached up to 100 percent at high dosages.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- increasing concentrations of these extractse3
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition rates on germination of sporangia and zoosporese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 100 percente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e3“The inhibition rates on germination of sporangia and zoospores increased with increasing concentrations of these extracts and reached as high as 100 percent when the dosages were high”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract from fresh bulbs had stronger inhibition of sporangia and zoospores germination than extract from dry bulbs.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Garlic extracts from fresh bulbse4
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of sporangia and zoosporese4
- Direction
- strongere4
- Comparator
- the extract from dry garlic bulbse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e4“Garlic extracts from fresh bulbs had stronger inhibiting effect than the extract from dry garlic bulbs on the germination of sporangia and zoospores”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts made immediately from fresh garlic bulbs did not differ significantly from extracts kept for a week at 4℃.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- extracts of immediately made from fresh bulbse5
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Direction
- no significant differencee5
- Comparator
- those which was kept for a week under 4℃e5
Not reportedOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e5“there was no significant difference between the extracts of immediately made from fresh bulbs and those which was kept for a week under 4℃”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio clean at 0.125% totally inhibited the formation of Phytophthora infestans colonies on petri dishes, whether autoclaved or not.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Bio clean 0.125%e6
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- formations of P. infestans coloniese6
- Direction
- totally inhibitede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e6“No mater autoclaved or not, Bio clean 0.125% totally inhibited the formations of P. infestans colonies”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio clean at 0.125% had significant influence on inhibiting Phytophthora infestans infection when applied up to three days before inoculation.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Bio clean (0.125%)e7
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibiting the infection of P. infestanse7
- Direction
- significant influencee7
- Qualifier
- three days earlier than inoculatione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e7“Bio clean (0.125%) had significant influence on inhibiting the infection of P. infestans when it was used at the same time to three days earlier than inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic at 2% reached an inhibition rate of 89% when applied one day before inoculation.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Garlic (2%)e1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratee1
- Direction
- strong inhibiting effecte1
- Value
- 89%e1
- Qualifier
- used one day earliere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e1“Garlic (2%) had strong inhibiting effect when it was used one day earlier or at the same time of inoculation. The inhibition rate reached 89% and 100% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic at 2% reached an inhibition rate of 100% when applied at the same time as inoculation.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Garlic (2%)e1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratee1
- Direction
- strong inhibiting effecte1
- Value
- 100%e1
- Qualifier
- at the same time of inoculatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e1“Garlic (2%) had strong inhibiting effect when it was used one day earlier or at the same time of inoculation. The inhibition rate reached 89% and 100% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Scouring rush at 4% had some effect on Phytophthora infestans infection compared with the untreated check when used 1-2 days before inoculation.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- souring rush (4%)e2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- effectse2
- Direction
- some effectse2
- Comparator
- untreated checke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on potato leaves”
e2“Comparing to untreated check, souring rush (4%) and Citronella oil (400 mg·kg -1 ) had some effects when they were used 1～2 days earlier than inoculation”
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