Abstract
PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) is an important factor affecting tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant growth, development and yield. But high irradiation may not always be beneficial to the plant at all growth stages. The effects of two strengths of shading (40% and 75% increases in shaded area) for 8 days at three growth stages (i.e. early flowering (EF), peak flowering (PF) and late flowering (LF)) on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and allocation of dry matter to roots, stems and leaves, mineral nutrient (N, P, and K) in leaves and yield were measured. Different effects caused by shading at different growth stages were found: (1) Shading caused large increases in leaf conductance and intercellular CO 2 concentrations at all three growth stages, significantly reduced the leaf photosynthetic rates of EF stage, but the photosynthetic rates in 40% shaded leaves at PF stage were increased gradually depending on the length of shade time. This trend becomes more obvious and the average photosynthetic rates of 40% shaded leaves in an 8 day shading period at the LF stage was increased by 22%, (2) The 75% shading treatment at the EF and PF stages reduced the dry weights of root and stem tissues while the 40% shading at the LF stage caused a 22% to 43% increase, but shading did not affect leaf dry weight at most growth stages, (3) Shading at the EF and PF stages had no significant effects on total leaf N, P, and K concentrations, but 40% shading at the LF stage significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K concentrations by approximate 20%, 60% and 35% compared to unshaded controls. (4) Only shading at the LF stage significantly enhanced the marketable fruit yield of the 40% shaded tomato plants, but did not affect the fruit yield of shaded plants at the EF stage. These results suggested that the adverse influences caused by high irradiation and high temperatures could be overcome and a good growth, better dry matter accumulation and yield also could be obtained if some moderate shading was applied at the LF stage at the summer midday time, which might be useful in agriculture.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shading increased leaf conductance and intercellular CO2 at all stages.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- leaf conductance and intercellular CO 2 concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading caused large increases in leaf conductance and intercellular CO 2 concentrations at all three growth stages”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced photosynthetic rates at early flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- EF stagee0
- Treatment
- Shadinge1
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly reduced the leaf photosynthetic rates of EF stage”
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“Shading caused large increases in leaf conductance and intercellular CO 2 concentrations at all three growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading gradually increased photosynthetic rates at peak flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- PF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadede0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the photosynthetic rates in 40% shaded leaves at PF stage were increased gradually depending on the length of shade time”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading raised average photosynthetic rates by 22% at late flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- LF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadede0
- Outcome
- average photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average photosynthetic rates of 40% shaded leaves in an 8 day shading period at the LF stage was increased by 22%”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seventy five percent shading reduced root and stem dry weights at early and peak flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- EF and PF stagese0
- Treatment
- 75% shading treatmente0
- Outcome
- dry weights of root and stem tissuese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 75% shading treatment at the EF and PF stages reduced the dry weights of root and stem tissues”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading increased root and stem dry weights by 22% to 43% at late flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- LF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadinge0
- Outcome
- the 40% shading at the LF stage caused a 22% to 43% increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22% to 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 40% shading at the LF stage caused a 22% to 43% increase”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading did not affect leaf dry weight at most stages.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- shadinge0
- Outcome
- leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading did not affect leaf dry weight at most growth stages”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading at early and peak flowering had no significant effect on leaf N, P, and K concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- EF and PF stagese0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- total leaf N, P, and K concentrationse0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading at the EF and PF stages had no significant effects on total leaf N, P, and K concentrations”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading increased leaf N by about 20% at late flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- LF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadinge0
- Outcome
- leaf Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- unshaded controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“40% shading at the LF stage significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K concentrations by approximate 20%, 60% and 35% compared to unshaded controls”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading increased leaf P by about 60% at late flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- LF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadinge0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- unshaded controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“40% shading at the LF stage significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K concentrations by approximate 20%, 60% and 35% compared to unshaded controls”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading increased leaf K by about 35% at late flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- LF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadinge0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- unshaded controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“40% shading at the LF stage significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K concentrations by approximate 20%, 60% and 35% compared to unshaded controls”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Forty percent shading at late flowering significantly enhanced marketable fruit yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- LF stagee0
- Treatment
- 40% shadede0
- Outcome
- marketable fruit yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading at the LF stage significantly enhanced the marketable fruit yield of the 40% shaded tomato plants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading at early flowering did not affect fruit yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- EF stagee0
- Treatment
- shadede0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not affect the fruit yield of shaded plants at the EF stage”
t0“Tomato Plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.