Abstract
To understand the role of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and cytosolic free calcium in plant defense responses to pathogen infection,changes of ROS,activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX),the enzymes known to detoxify ROS in plant,permeability of cell plasma membrane and concertration changes of cytosolic free calcium were investigated in the incompatible and compatible interaction systems,Lovrin13/CY25 and Lovrin13/CY29,respectively.The time course of ROS detected by ESR showed that two peaks of ROS production were observed in leaves inoculated with avirulent or incompatible rust strain CY25.The first peak occurred on the second day whereas the second peak was on the fifth day after inoculation.However,only one single peak of ROS production was observed in leaves on the sixth day after inoculation with virulent or compatible strain CY29.HR occurred in the incompatible inte-raction system was associated only with the early oxidative burst of ROS.This implicated that early oxidative burst could mediate the occurrence of HR.Accompanied with a big amount of ROS production in the infected wheat leaves at late oxidative burst period,plasma membrane was damaged,cell substances leaked out and the cell died soon.The results indicated that strong ROS could cause cell death.According to the activity changes of SOD,CAT and APX at the two periods of oxidative burst,the main component of ROS was H_2O_2 at the early period in incompatible interaction and O-·_2 and H_2O_2 at the late period in both incompatible and compatible interactions.This suggested that H_2O_2 was the signaling substance in HR of wheat to avirulent or incompati-ble rust strains,whereas O-·_2 was responsible for cell death.Detecting of cytosolic free calcium in wheat leaves inoculated with stripe rust through laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM) showed that the occurrence of HR was associated with an increase of _cyt in cellular matrix.Decline of _cyt in cellular matrix could delay the occurrence of HR.It implied that increase in cytosolic calcium was necessary for hypersensitive cell death,and Ca2+ was involved in pathogen defense processes as a vital intracellular second messenger.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Incompatible CY25 inoculation produced two ROS peaks on days two and five.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- rust strain CY25e0pathogen
- Outcome
- two peaks of ROS productione0
- Qualifier
- second day whereas the second peak was on the fifth daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two peaks of ROS production were observed in leaves inoculated with avirulent or incompatible rust strain CY25.The first peak occurred on the second day whereas the second peak was on the fifth day after inoculation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compatible CY29 inoculation produced one ROS peak on day six.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- strain CY29e0pathogen
- Outcome
- one single peak of ROS productione0
- Qualifier
- sixth daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only one single peak of ROS production was observed in leaves on the sixth day after inoculation with virulent or compatible strain CY29”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypersensitive reaction in the incompatible interaction was associated with the early ROS burst.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- HRe0
- Qualifier
- early oxidative burst of ROSe0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HR occurred in the incompatible inte-raction system was associated only with the early oxidative burst of ROS”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that an early oxidative burst could mediate hypersensitive reaction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- occurrence of HRe0
- Qualifier
- early oxidative burste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early oxidative burst could mediate the occurrence of HR”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late ROS production in infected wheat leaves accompanied membrane damage, leakage and cell death.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- plasma membrane was damaged,cell substances leaked out and the cell died soone0
- Qualifier
- late oxidative burst periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accompanied with a big amount of ROS production in the infected wheat leaves at late oxidative burst period,plasma membrane was damaged,cell substances leaked out and the cell died soon”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that strong ROS could cause cell death.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- strong ROSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strong ROS could cause cell death”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme activity changes indicated H_2O_2 was the main early ROS component in incompatible interaction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- main component of ROS was H_2O_2e0
- Qualifier
- early period in incompatible interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the main component of ROS was H_2O_2 at the early period in incompatible interaction”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme activity changes indicated O-·_2 and H_2O_2 were late ROS components in both interaction types.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- O-·_2 and H_2O_2e0
- Qualifier
- late period in both incompatible and compatible interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O-·_2 and H_2O_2 at the late period in both incompatible and compatible interactions”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested H_2O_2 signals hypersensitive reaction to avirulent rust strains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- rust strainse0pathogen
- Outcome
- HRe0
- Qualifier
- H_2O_2 was the signaling substancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H_2O_2 was the signaling substance in HR of wheat to avirulent or incompati-ble rust strains”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested O-·_2 was responsible for cell death.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- O-·_2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O-·_2 was responsible for cell death”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypersensitive reaction was associated with increased cytosolic calcium in the cellular matrix.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- stripe ruste1pathogen
- Compound
- cytosolic free calciume1
- Outcome
- occurrence of HRe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the occurrence of HR was associated with an increase of _cyt in cellular matrix”
e1“cytosolic free calcium in wheat leaves inoculated with stripe rust”
Claim · model-written summary
Declining cytosolic calcium could delay hypersensitive reaction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- stripe ruste1pathogen
- Compound
- cytosolic free calciume1
- Outcome
- occurrence of HRe0
- Direction
- delaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decline of _cyt in cellular matrix could delay the occurrence of HR”
e1“cytosolic free calcium in wheat leaves inoculated with stripe rust”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that increased cytosolic calcium is necessary for hypersensitive cell death and serves as a defense messenger.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- cytosolic calciume0
- Outcome
- hypersensitive cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- vital intracellular second messengere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in cytosolic calcium was necessary for hypersensitive cell death,and Ca2+ was involved in pathogen defense processes as a vital intracellular second messenger”
t0“wheat”