Abstract
Sorghum grain lots with various levels of resistance to sorghum grain mold (SGM) were evaluated for several loss parameters: kernel weight, kernel density, electrolyte leachate level, percentage germination, vigor, and visual quality appraisal; and two indirect measures of disease intensity, ergosterol level and colonyforming units (CFU) of Fusarium moniliforme. Ergosterol level was significantly correlated with CFU (r= +0.94), visual rating (r= +0.92), leachate level (r= +0.90), and percentage germination (r= -0.86). Leachate level was highly correlated with germination (r= -0.98). In all cases, correlation coefficients for the standard deviation of kernel weight were higher than for the mean. Fitting variables to a theoretical linear model resulted in a highly significant cultivar x treatment (treatment = inoculated vs. noninoculated) interaction for kernel weight. Two greenhouse inoculation procedures, vacuum infiltration and panicle spraying differented among resistant and susceptible cultivars and caused symptoms similar to those resulting from natural infection or inoculation in the field. On susceptible cultivar TX2536, reduction in kernel weight due to inoculation by the vacuum and panicle spray methods were 31 and 41%, respectively, and reductions in percentage germination were 93 and 94%, respectively. On resistant cultivar SC0170-6, kernel weight reductions for vacuum and spray inoculations were 10 and 22%, respectively. Paraffin- and resin-embedded spikelets of a susceptible and resistant cultivar were inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme and examined for differences in the invasive processes that may be related to resistance. Glumes, lemma, palea, and stamens were intra- and intercellularly colonized in TX2536, but not in SC0170-6. Necrosis and extracellular epidermal deposition characterized host response to the pathogen in SC0170-6. Necrosis appeared subsequent to colonization in TX2536. SGM had a greater effect on phenolic compounds than on total phenolic acids (PA). Disease caused some PA (e.g., p-coumaric and gallic) to increase more in resistant cultivars than in suscepts. One unidentified compound increased as a result of disease in spikelets of suscept TX2536 and decreased in tissues of resistant cultivar SC0103-12.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Ergosterol level correlated positively with Fusarium colony forming units.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ergosterol level was significantly correlated with CFU (r= +0.94)”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Ergosterol level correlated positively with visual rating.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ergosterol level was significantly correlated with CFU (r= +0.94), visual rating (r= +0.92)”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Ergosterol level correlated positively with leachate level.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ergosterol level was significantly correlated with CFU (r= +0.94), visual rating (r= +0.92), leachate level (r= +0.90)”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Ergosterol level correlated negatively with germination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ergosterol level was significantly correlated with CFU (r= +0.94), visual rating (r= +0.92), leachate level (r= +0.90), and percentage germination (r= -0.86)”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Leachate level correlated negatively with germination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leachate level was highly correlated with germination (r= -0.98).”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel weight standard deviation had higher correlations than the mean.
- Outcome
- correlation coefficientse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- standard deviation of kernel weighte0
- Comparator
- the meane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all cases, correlation coefficients for the standard deviation of kernel weight were higher than for the mean.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
A linear model found a significant cultivar by inoculation interaction for kernel weight.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fitting variables to a theoretical linear model resulted in a highly significant cultivar x treatment (treatment = inoculated vs. noninoculated) interaction for kernel weight.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuum infiltration distinguished resistant from susceptible cultivars and reproduced field-like symptoms.
- Treatment
- vacuum infiltratione0
- Outcome
- differented among resistant and susceptible cultivarse0
- Comparator
- natural infection or inoculation in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two greenhouse inoculation procedures, vacuum infiltration and panicle spraying differented among resistant and susceptible cultivars and caused symptoms similar to those resulting from natural infection or inoculation in the field.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle spraying distinguished resistant from susceptible cultivars and reproduced field-like symptoms.
- Treatment
- panicle sprayinge0
- Outcome
- differented among resistant and susceptible cultivarse0
- Comparator
- natural infection or inoculation in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two greenhouse inoculation procedures, vacuum infiltration and panicle spraying differented among resistant and susceptible cultivars and caused symptoms similar to those resulting from natural infection or inoculation in the field.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuum inoculation reduced TX2536 kernel weight by 31%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On susceptible cultivar TX2536, reduction in kernel weight due to inoculation by the vacuum and panicle spray methods were 31 and 41%, respectively”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle spray inoculation reduced TX2536 kernel weight by 41%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On susceptible cultivar TX2536, reduction in kernel weight due to inoculation by the vacuum and panicle spray methods were 31 and 41%, respectively”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuum inoculation reduced TX2536 germination by 93%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On susceptible cultivar TX2536, reduction in kernel weight due to inoculation by the vacuum and panicle spray methods were 31 and 41%, respectively, and reductions in percentage germination were 93 and 94%, respectively.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle spray inoculation reduced TX2536 germination by 94%.
- Material
- TX2536e0
- Treatment
- panicle spraye0
- Outcome
- percentage germinatione0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 94%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On susceptible cultivar TX2536, reduction in kernel weight due to inoculation by the vacuum and panicle spray methods were 31 and 41%, respectively, and reductions in percentage germination were 93 and 94%, respectively.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuum inoculation reduced SC0170-6 kernel weight by 10%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On resistant cultivar SC0170-6, kernel weight reductions for vacuum and spray inoculations were 10 and 22%, respectively.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray inoculation reduced SC0170-6 kernel weight by 22%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On resistant cultivar SC0170-6, kernel weight reductions for vacuum and spray inoculations were 10 and 22%, respectively.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium colonized several floral tissues in TX2536 but not SC0170-6.
- Material
- TX2536e0
- Organ / stage
- Glumes, lemma, palea, and stamense0
- Outcome
- intra- and intercellularly colonizede0
- Comparator
- SC0170-6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glumes, lemma, palea, and stamens were intra- and intercellularly colonized in TX2536, but not in SC0170-6.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
SC0170-6 responded to Fusarium with necrosis and extracellular epidermal deposition.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Necrosis and extracellular epidermal deposition characterized host response to the pathogen in SC0170-6.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Necrosis appeared after colonization in TX2536.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Necrosis appeared subsequent to colonization in TX2536.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain mold affected phenolic compounds more than total phenolic acids.
- Interactor
- SGMe0pathogen
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- total phenolic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SGM had a greater effect on phenolic compounds than on total phenolic acids (PA).”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease raised some phenolic acids more in resistant than susceptible cultivars, while an unidentified compound increased in susceptible TX2536 and decreased in resistant SC0103-12.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease caused some PA (e.g., p-coumaric and gallic) to increase more in resistant cultivars than in suscepts. One unidentified compound increased as a result of disease in spikelets of suscept TX2536 and decreased in tissues of resistant cultivar SC0103-12.”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
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