Abstract
The University of Arkansas (UA) blackberry breeding program began in 1964, with the aim to provide high-quality fruit to the fresh market industry. One of the important traits for successful blackberry ( Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson) postharvest handling is flesh firmness, so developing cultivars with high firmness is a top priority for the fresh market blackberry breeding programs across the world. In particular, the Arkansas blackberry program has a wide range of genotypes with exceptional firmness characteristics, including fruit with a unique crispy texture and firmness. During 2013 and 2014, fruit firmness measurements were done on 15 Arkansas genotypes including those with crispy and noncrispy textures. Firmness measurements consisted of fruit compression, skin drupelet penetration, and receptacle penetration. Confocal photos were taken on sections of berries of a subset of crispy and noncrispy genotypes, and color reversion was evaluated among these genotypes after storage. Compression force values differentiated crispy and noncrispy genotypes, with average values of 11.8 Newton (N) and 8.0 N, respectively. Drupelet penetration force was also higher for crispy genotypes averaging 0.23 N and noncrispy 0.15 N; similarly, receptacle penetration force averaged 0.20 N for crispy and 0.18 N for noncrispy genotypes. Visual inspection of fruit tissue revealed that drupelet mesocarp cells and receptacle cells and cell walls of crispy genotypes maintained their structure during ripening and did not break apart, whereas noncrispy genotypes did not maintain their structure and cellular integrity. Color reversion is a postharvest disorder in which drupelets of blackberry fruits turn red after being black at harvest. Therefore, it has a negative impact for growers, shippers, and consumers. After storage at 5 °C for 7 days, crispy genotypes expressed low levels of reversion compared with noncrispy genotypes. For crispy genotypes, 13.2% of drupelets developed color reversion, whereas a 41.0% developed this disorder in noncrispy genotypes, implying a better postharvest potential of this texture.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Crispy blackberry genotypes had greater compression force than noncrispy genotypes, averaging 11.8 N versus 8.0 N.
- Material
- crispy and noncrispy genotypese0
- Outcome
- Compression forcee0
- Direction
- differentiatede0
- Value
- 11.8 Newton (N)e0
- Qualifier
- 8.0 Ne0
RubusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compression force values differentiated crispy and noncrispy genotypes, with average values of 11.8 Newton (N) and 8.0 N, respectively”
t0“Blackberry Genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Drupelet penetration force was higher in crispy than noncrispy blackberry genotypes, averaging 0.23 N versus 0.15 N.
- Material
- crispy genotypese0
- Outcome
- Drupelet penetration forcee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.23 Ne0
- Qualifier
- 0.15 Ne0
- Comparator
- noncrispye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drupelet penetration force was also higher for crispy genotypes averaging 0.23 N and noncrispy 0.15 N”
t0“Blackberry Genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Receptacle penetration force averaged 0.20 N in crispy blackberry and 0.18 N in noncrispy genotypes.
- Material
- crispye0
- Outcome
- receptacle penetration forcee0
- Value
- 0.20 Ne0
- Qualifier
- 0.18 Ne0
- Comparator
- noncrispy genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“receptacle penetration force averaged 0.20 N for crispy and 0.18 N for noncrispy genotypes”
t0“Blackberry Genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Drupelet mesocarp and receptacle cells and walls in crispy blackberry retained structure during ripening, unlike noncrispy genotypes.
- Material
- crispy genotypese0
- Outcome
- structure during ripeninge0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Comparator
- noncrispy genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drupelet mesocarp cells and receptacle cells and cell walls of crispy genotypes maintained their structure during ripening and did not break apart, whereas noncrispy genotypes did not maintain their structure and cellular integrity”
t0“Blackberry Genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
After seven days at 5 °C, crispy blackberry genotypes showed less color reversion than noncrispy genotypes: 13.2% versus 41.0% of drupelets.
- Material
- crispy genotypese0
- Outcome
- color reversione0
- Direction
- low levelse0
- Value
- 13.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 41.0%e0
- Comparator
- noncrispy genotypese0
- Setting
- storage at 5 °C for 7 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After storage at 5 °C for 7 days, crispy genotypes expressed low levels of reversion compared with noncrispy genotypes. For crispy genotypes, 13.2% of drupelets developed color reversion, whereas a 41.0% developed this disorder in noncrispy genotypes”
t0“Blackberry Genotypes”