Abstract
The loss of methyl bromide (MB) as a soil fumigant has created the need for new weed management systems for crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne). Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide fumigation include 1,3-D, chloropicrin (CP), and metam sodium. Application of emulsified formulations of these fumigants through the drip irrigation system is being tested as an alternative to the standard shank injection method of fumigant application in strawberry production. The goal of this research was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of alternative fumigants applied through the drip irrigation system and by shank injection. The fumigant 1,3-D in a mixture with CP was drip-applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D plus 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha -1 or shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D plus 35% CP) at 374 L·ha -1 . Chloropicrin (CP EC, 95%) was drip-applied singly at 130 and 200 L·ha -1 or shank injected (CP, 99%) at 317 kg·ha -1 . Vapam HL (metam sodium 42%) was drip-applied singly at 420 and 700 L·ha -1 . InLine was drip-applied at 236 and 393 L·ha -1 , and then 6 d later followed by (fb) drip-applied Vapam HL at 420 and 700 L·ha -1 , respectively. CP EC was drip-applied simultaneously with Vapam HL at 130 plus 420 L·ha -1 and as a sequential application at 200 fb 420 L·ha -1 , respectively. Results were compared to the commercial standard, MB : CP mixture (67:33) shank-applied at 425 kg·ha -1 and the untreated control. Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha -1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha -1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha -1 . Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systems provided equal or better weed control than equivalent rates applied by shank injection. InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow ( Malva parviflora L.) or prostrate knotweed ( Polygonum aviculare L.) seed buried at the center of the bed did not differ from MB : CP. However, the percentage of weed seed survival at the edge of the bed was often higher in the drip-applied treatments than in the shank-applied treatments, possibly due to the close proximity of the shank-injected fumigant to the edge of the bed. Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB : CP on the native weed population or on weed seed. The use of Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP EC did not provide additional weed control benefit. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl bromide; trichloro-nitromethane (chloropicrin).
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha -1 applied singly controlled weeds in strawberry as well as MB:CP at 425 kg·ha -1.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha -1e1
- Outcome
- weedse1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- MB : CP at 425 kg·ha -1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e1“Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha -1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha -1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha -1 applied singly controlled weeds in strawberry as well as MB:CP at 425 kg·ha -1.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha -1e1
- Outcome
- weedse1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- MB : CP at 425 kg·ha -1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e1“Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha -1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha -1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip application of the fumigants gave equal or better weed control in strawberry than equivalent shank injection.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systemse2
- Outcome
- weed controle2
- Direction
- equal or bettere2
- Comparator
- shank injectione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e2“Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systems provided equal or better weed control than equivalent rates applied by shank injection”
Claim · model-written summary
InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow and prostrate knotweed seed buried at the bed center did not differ from MB:CP.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- InLine and CP ECe3
- Interactor
- little mallowe3weed
- Second interactor
- prostrate knotweede3weed
- Outcome
- efficacye3
- Direction
- did not differe3
- Qualifier
- seed buried at the center of the bede3
- Comparator
- MB : CPe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e3“InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow ( Malva parviflora L.) or prostrate knotweed ( Polygonum aviculare L.) seed buried at the center of the bed did not differ from MB : CP”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed seed survival at the bed edge was often higher with drip-applied than with shank-applied fumigant treatments in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- drip-applied treatmentse4
- Interactor
- weed seede4weed
- Outcome
- weed seed survivale4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- at the edge of the bede4
- Comparator
- shank-applied treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e4“the percentage of weed seed survival at the edge of the bed was often higher in the drip-applied treatments than in the shank-applied treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB:CP on the native weed population or on weed seed in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Vapam HLe5
- Interactor
- native weed populatione5weed
- Outcome
- native weed population or on weed seede5
- Direction
- less effectivee5
- Comparator
- MB : CPe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e5“Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB : CP on the native weed population or on weed seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding Vapam HL to InLine or CP EC gave no additional weed control benefit in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP ECe6
- Outcome
- additional weed control benefite6
- Direction
- did not providee6
- Comparator
- InLine or CP ECe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crops such as strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)”
e6“The use of Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP EC did not provide additional weed control benefit”
The same questions in other papers
chloropicrin · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →fumigant · weed · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
chloropicrin · weed · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
irrigation · weed · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.