Abstract
Soil solarization, alone and combined with metam sodium (MS), was evaluated as an alternative to methyl bromide and chloropicrin (MBC) fumigation, the standard soil disinfestation technique in the California strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) industry. Tests were conducted in two consecutive annual production cycles in Irvine, Calif., an environment representative of the coastal strawberry production area. Solarization treatments were applied from late July through September for October plantings. Treatments were equally effective in reducing baited populations of Phytophthora cactorum [(Lebert and Cohn) J. Schröt] (1989-90) and P. citricola Sawada (1990-91) when compared to pathogen survival in nontreated soil. Solarization and MBC reduced Verticillium dahliae Kleb inocnlnm in 1989-90, but MBC gave superior control in 1990-91. Solarization significantly controlled annual weeds, but was less effective than MBC. In 1989-90, solarization alone increased strawberry yield 12 % over the yield of nontreated plots; when combined with MS, yield increase was 29%, equivalent to that achieved with MBC fumigation. Treatments were equally effective in increasing yields in the 1990-91 test. Chemical names used: sodium N -methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium), chloropicrin nitrotrichloromethane (chloropicrin).
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization and methyl bromide-chloropicrin (MBC) both reduced Verticillium dahliae inoculum in 1989-90.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- Solarization and MBCe1
- Interactor
- Verticillium dahliae Kleb
Verticillium dahliaee1pathogen - Outcome
- Verticillium dahliae Kleb inocnlnme1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e1“Solarization and MBC reduced Verticillium dahliae Kleb inocnlnm in 1989-90”
Claim · model-written summary
MBC gave superior control of Verticillium dahliae than solarization in 1990-91.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MBCe1
- Outcome
- controle1
- Direction
- superiore1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e1“MBC gave superior control in 1990-91”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization significantly controlled annual weeds.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarizatione1
- Interactor
- annual weedse1weed
- Outcome
- annual weedse1
- Direction
- controllede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e1“Solarization significantly controlled annual weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization was less effective than MBC in controlling annual weeds.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarizatione1
- Interactor
- annual weedse1weed
- Outcome
- annual weedse1
- Direction
- less effectivee1
- Comparator
- MBCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e1“Solarization significantly controlled annual weeds, but was less effective than MBC”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1989-90, solarization alone increased strawberry yield by 12% over nontreated plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- solarization alonee1
- Outcome
- strawberry yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 12 %e1
- Comparator
- nontreated plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In 1989-90, solarization alone increased strawberry yield 12 % over the yield of nontreated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1989-90, solarization combined with metam sodium increased strawberry yield by 29% over nontreated plots, equivalent to MBC fumigation.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- combined with MSe1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 29%e1
- Qualifier
- equivalent to that achieved with MBC fumigatione1
- Comparator
- nontreated plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In 1989-90, solarization alone increased strawberry yield 12 % over the yield of nontreated plots; when combined with MS, yield increase was 29%, equivalent to that achieved with MBC fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments were equally effective in increasing strawberry yields in the 1990-91 test.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Treatmentse1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e1“Treatments were equally effective in increasing yields in the 1990-91 test”
The same questions in other papers
chloropicrin · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →metam-sodium · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →bromomethane · Verticillium dahliae · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
bromomethane · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
chloropicrin · Verticillium dahliae · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →solarization · weed · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →solarization · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →solarization · Verticillium dahliae · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.