Abstract
Solarization and chemical alternatives to methyl bromide (MeBr) soil fumigation for strawberry ( Fragaria { XtimesX } ananassa ) were evaluated in a 3-year study in Savannah, Ga. Solarization using clear or black plastic, metam sodium (Sectagon), dazomet (Basamid), 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (Telone C-35), MeBr, and untreated control treatments were used. Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth, and 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F) at the 15 cm (6 inch) depth. Clear and black plastic were generally equally effective in heating the soil. A double layer of clear plastic raised soil temperatures 1 to 2 °C (2 to 4 °F) above those under a single layer of clear at the 2.5 cm depth, although this occurred less frequently at the 15 cm depth. MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control, but all treatments were similar in yield in year three. Season average fruit size differed among treatments in only the first year, with MeBr resulting in fruit 13% to 25% larger than other treatments. Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr, but comparable to MeBr in the other 2 years. Solarization treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr in the first and third years, but could not be analyzed in the second year due to plot damage. Dazomet treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr, metam sodium, and the untreated control in its single year of testing, but logistics of application and high costs may disfavor this treatment. The 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin treatment performed as well as MeBr in its single year of testing. Three treatments-metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin, and solarization with black plastic-offer viable, lower cost alternatives to MeBr.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth
- Taxon
- Strawberries
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- Solarizatione0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F)e0
- Qualifier
- 2.5 cm (1 inch) depthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth, and 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F) at the 15 cm (6 inch) depth
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarizatione0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F)e0
- Qualifier
- 15 cm (6 inch) depthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth, and 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F) at the 15 cm (6 inch) depth”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Clear and black plastic were generally equally effective in heating the soil
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Cleare0
- Outcome
- heating the soile0
- Direction
- equally effectivee0
- Comparator
- black plastice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clear and black plastic were generally equally effective in heating the soil”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
A double layer of clear plastic raised soil temperatures 1 to 2 °C (2 to 4 °F) above those under a single layer of clear at the 2.5 cm depth
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- double layer of clear plastice0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 1 to 2 °C (2 to 4 °F)e0
- Qualifier
- 2.5 cm depthe0
- Comparator
- single layer of cleare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A double layer of clear plastic raised soil temperatures 1 to 2 °C (2 to 4 °F) above those under a single layer of clear at the 2.5 cm depth”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MeBr treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Qualifier
- firste0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MeBr treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 128%e0
- Qualifier
- second yearse0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
all treatments were similar in yield in year three
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- year threee0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments were similar in yield in year three”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Season average fruit size differed among treatments in only the first year
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Season average fruit sizee0
- Direction
- differede0
- Qualifier
- only the first yeare0
- Comparator
- treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Season average fruit size differed among treatments in only the first year”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
MeBr resulting in fruit 13% to 25% larger than other treatments
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MeBre0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 13% to 25%e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MeBr resulting in fruit 13% to 25% larger than other treatments”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- metam sodium treatmente0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Qualifier
- first yeare0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr, but comparable to MeBr in the other 2 years
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- metam sodium treatmente0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Qualifier
- other 2 yearse0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr, but comparable to MeBr in the other 2 years”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr in the first and third years
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarization treatmente0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- first and third yearse0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solarization treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr in the first and third years”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Dazomet treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr, metam sodium, and the untreated control in its single year of testing
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Dazomet treatmente0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- single year of testinge0
- Comparator
- MeBr, metam sodium, and the untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dazomet treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr, metam sodium, and the untreated control in its single year of testing”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin treatment performed as well as MeBr in its single year of testing
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin treatmente0
- Outcome
- performed as well as MeBre0
- Direction
- as well ase0
- Qualifier
- single year of testinge0
- Comparator
- MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin treatment performed as well as MeBr in its single year of testing”
t0“Strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Three treatments-metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin, and solarization with black plastic-offer viable, lower cost alternatives to MeBr
- Taxon
- StrawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin, and solarization with black plastic-offer viable, lower cost alternatives to MeBre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three treatments-metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin, and solarization with black plastic-offer viable, lower cost alternatives to MeBr”
t0“Strawberries”
The same questions in other papers
chloropicrin · molecular: metabolites · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
metam-sodium · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →dazomet · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →bromomethane · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
12 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →solarization · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 31 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.