Abstract
Yield for annual California strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) production systems in soils treated with combinations of methyl bromide–chloropicrin (MB:CP) were compared with four alternative soil treatment systems using meta-analysis. Studies represent 11 production seasons, and were conducted at three distinct locations in California. Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB. In a combined analysis of 45 studies, fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d + = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils. Further, the effect of MB:CP fumigation increased over the first three strawberry cultivation cycles: MB:CP–fumigated soils provided a 59.2% (d + = 2.166 ± 0.146) yield advantage when one cycle of fumigation was omitted, a 100.2% (d + = 3.000 ± 0.143) advantage when two cycles were omitted, and a 148.4% (d + = 6.201 ± 0.348) yield advantage when three or more cycles of MB:CP were omitted. In a combined analysis that included 34 studies, soil fumigation with MB:CP conferred a 9.6% (d + = 0.751 ± 0.087) yield advantage over fumigation with CP alone. Soils treated with MB:CP yielded 6.8% (d + = 0.437 ± 0.114) more fruit than those treated with very high rates of CP (336–396 kg·ha –1 ), and 15.4% (d + = 1.190 ± 0.134) more than soils treated with commercially realistic rates (168–224 kg·ha –1 ). Similar to the comparison using NF soils, the efficacy of very high rates of CP appeared to diminish over cycles of strawberry cultivation; MB:CP increased yield 2.2% (d + = 0.043 ± 0.162) in the first CP production cycle, 10.6% (d + = 0.588 ± 0.174) and 13.7% (d + = 2.054 ± 0.401) in the following two cycles. Combinations of dichloropropene (DP) and CP were no more effective than were lower rates of CP alone, and MB:CP conferred a 14.4% (d + = 0.962 ± 0.162) yield advantage over mixtures of DP:CP. Mixtures of MB:CP increased yield 29.8% (d + = 3.199 ± 0.287) compared with metam sodium (MS). The standardized effect was similar when comparing MB:CP combinations with either MS or NF soils, suggesting little effect of MS on the yield response. Chemical names used: trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin); 1,3-dichloropropene (dichloropropene); sodium N -methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium).
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP fumigation significantly increased strawberry yield relative to alternatives lacking MB.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- significantlye0
- Comparator
- alternatives lacking MBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP increased yield by 94.4% versus nonfumigated soils.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- fumigation with MB:CP compoundse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 94.4%e0
- Comparator
- nonfumigated (NF) soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d + = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP gave 59.2% higher yield when one fumigation cycle was omitted.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CP–fumigated soilse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- yield advantagee0
- Value
- 59.2%e0
- Comparator
- one cycle of fumigation was omittede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“MB:CP–fumigated soils provided a 59.2% (d + = 2.166 ± 0.146) yield advantage when one cycle of fumigation was omitted”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP gave 100.2% higher yield when two fumigation cycles were omitted.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- advantagee0
- Value
- 100.2%e0
- Comparator
- two cycles were omittede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“a 100.2% (d + = 3.000 ± 0.143) advantage when two cycles were omitted”
e1“Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB.”
e2“fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d + = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP gave 148.4% higher yield when at least three fumigation cycles were omitted.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- yield advantagee0
- Value
- 148.4%e0
- Comparator
- three or more cycles of MB:CP were omittede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“a 148.4% (d + = 6.201 ± 0.348) yield advantage when three or more cycles of MB:CP were omitted”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP increased yield by 9.6% relative to CP alone.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- soil fumigation with MB:CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- yield advantagee0
- Value
- 9.6%e0
- Comparator
- fumigation with CP alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“soil fumigation with MB:CP conferred a 9.6% (d + = 0.751 ± 0.087) yield advantage over fumigation with CP alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP yielded 6.8% more fruit than very high CP rates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- more fruite0
- Value
- 6.8%e0
- Comparator
- very high rates of CP (336–396 kg·ha –1 )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“Soils treated with MB:CP yielded 6.8% (d + = 0.437 ± 0.114) more fruit than those treated with very high rates of CP (336–396 kg·ha –1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP yielded 15.4% more fruit than commercial CP rates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 15.4%e0
- Comparator
- commercially realistic rates (168–224 kg·ha –1 )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“15.4% (d + = 1.190 ± 0.134) more than soils treated with commercially realistic rates (168–224 kg·ha –1 )”
e1“Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB.”
e2“fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d + = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP increased yield 2.2% in the first CP production cycle.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2%e0
- Comparator
- CPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“MB:CP increased yield 2.2% (d + = 0.043 ± 0.162) in the first CP production cycle”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP increased yield 10.6% in the second CP production cycle.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 10.6%e0
- Comparator
- CPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“10.6% (d + = 0.588 ± 0.174) and 13.7% (d + = 2.054 ± 0.401) in the following two cycles”
e1“Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB.”
e2“fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d + = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP increased yield 13.7% in the third CP production cycle.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 13.7%e0
- Comparator
- CPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“10.6% (d + = 0.588 ± 0.174) and 13.7% (d + = 2.054 ± 0.401) in the following two cycles”
e1“Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB.”
e2“fumigation with MB:CP compounds increased yield an average of 94.4% (d + = 2.874 ± 0.098) compared with yields for plants in nonfumigated (NF) soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
DP:CP mixtures were no more effective than low CP rates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Combinations of dichloropropene (DP) and CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- no more effectivee0
- Value
- no more effectivee0
- Comparator
- lower rates of CP alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“Combinations of dichloropropene (DP) and CP were no more effective than were lower rates of CP alone”
e1“Fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP) increased yield significantly compared with any and all alternatives lacking MB.”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP gave 14.4% higher yield than DP:CP mixtures.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- yield advantagee0
- Value
- 14.4%e0
- Comparator
- mixtures of DP:CPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“MB:CP conferred a 14.4% (d + = 0.962 ± 0.162) yield advantage over mixtures of DP:CP”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:CP increased yield by 29.8% over metam sodium.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Mixtures of MB:CPe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29.8%e0
- Comparator
- metam sodium (MS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“Mixtures of MB:CP increased yield 29.8% (d + = 3.199 ± 0.287) compared with metam sodium (MS).”
Claim · model-written summary
Metam sodium had little apparent effect on strawberry yield response.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MSe0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry”
e0“The standardized effect was similar when comparing MB:CP combinations with either MS or NF soils, suggesting little effect of MS on the yield response.”
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