Abstract
Methyl bromide is listed as one of the ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the Montreal Protocol and going to be phased out in developing countries in 2015 according to Copenhagen Amendment. A China-Italian cooperative project, Transfer of alternative technologies to the use of methyl bromide and capacity building in soil fumigation (strawberry sector), funded by Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory was implemented in Mancheng County, Hebei Province. The treatments included metham sodium (MS) 35g/m~2, MS 26.25g/m~2+VIF (virtually impermeable film), solarization+biological control agent (BCA) 10g/m~2, methyl bromide (MB) 50g/m~2 and 55g/m~2 , MB 37.5g/m~2+VIF and MB 41 g/m~2+VIF, resistant cultivars and untreated control (CK). The results showed that MS and MS+VIF applied through chemgation were the most promising alternatives to MB. The yields of MS and MS+VIF treatments on c.v. Darselect were 26[KG*5]816kg/hm~2 and 23[KG*5]672kg/hm~2, respectively, while the yield of MB treatment was 28[KG*5]346kg/hm~2. The yield of MS and MS+VIF on c.v. Idea were 19[KG*5]844kg/hm~2 and 15[KG*5]989kg/hm~2, while the yield of MB treatment was 19[KG*5]657kg/hm~2 in 2001-2002. The yields of MS and MS+VIF treatments on c.v. Darselect were 23[KG*5]073kg/hm~2 and 23[KG*5]446kg/hm~2, respectively, while the yield of MB treatment was 25[KG*5]285kg/hm~2. The yield of MS and MS+VIF on c.v. All star were 29[KG*5]594kg/hm~2 and 27[KG*5]677kg/hm~2, while the yield of MB treatment was 32[KG*5]191kg/hm~2 in 2002-2003. There were no significant differences in the tested alternatives from the yield obtained by MB treatment according to statistic analysis. VIF reduced MB emission. Low dosage of MB with VIF by hot gas system did not show any significant difference from normal MB dosage with polyethylene munching in yield and the vigor of strawberry. Solarization+BCA gave higher yield than the untreated control, but it was significantly lower than that from plots treated with MB. It can not be used as an alternative to MB. Resistant c.v. Idea imported from Italy and local c.v. All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens, which had more collapsed plants with low yield compared to c.v. Darselect, which showed some resistance to soil pathogens. The yield, however, in MB, MB+VIF, MS, MS+VIF treated plots was higher than that of the untreated ones.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Metham sodium and metham sodium with VIF applied through chemigation were the most promising alternatives to methyl bromide.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- MS and MS+VIF applied through chemgatione1
- Outcome
- alternatives to MBe1
- Direction
- most promisinge1
- Comparator
- MBe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e1“The results showed that MS and MS+VIF applied through chemgation were the most promising alternatives to MB”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested alternatives did not differ significantly in strawberry yield from methyl bromide treatment.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- tested alternativese2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- MB treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e2“There were no significant differences in the tested alternatives from the yield obtained by MB treatment according to statistic analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
VIF reduced methyl bromide emission.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- VIFe3
- Outcome
- MB emissione3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e3“VIF reduced MB emission”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-dose methyl bromide with VIF did not differ significantly in strawberry yield and vigor from normal methyl bromide dosage.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Low dosage of MB with VIF by hot gas systeme4
- Outcome
- yield and the vigor of strawberrye4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- normal MB dosage with polyethylene munchinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e4“Low dosage of MB with VIF by hot gas system did not show any significant difference from normal MB dosage with polyethylene munching in yield and the vigor of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization with biological control agent gave higher strawberry yield than the untreated control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarization+BCAe5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e5“Solarization+BCA gave higher yield than the untreated control, but it was significantly lower than that from plots treated with MB”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization with biological control agent gave significantly lower strawberry yield than methyl bromide.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarization+BCAe5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- significantly lowere5
- Comparator
- MBe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e5“Solarization+BCA gave higher yield than the untreated control, but it was significantly lower than that from plots treated with MB”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Idea did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens and had more collapsed plants with low yield than Darselect.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Material
- c.v. Ideae6
- Outcome
- resistance to local soil pathogense6
- Qualifier
- did not show goode6
- Comparator
- c.v. Darselecte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e6“Resistant c.v. Idea imported from Italy and local c.v. All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens, which had more collapsed plants with low yield compared to c.v. Darselect, which showed some resistance to soil pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens and had more collapsed plants with low yield than Darselect.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Material
- c.v. All stare6
- Outcome
- resistance to local soil pathogense6
- Qualifier
- did not show goode6
- Comparator
- c.v. Darselecte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e6“Resistant c.v. Idea imported from Italy and local c.v. All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens, which had more collapsed plants with low yield compared to c.v. Darselect, which showed some resistance to soil pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Darselect showed some resistance to soil pathogens.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Material
- c.v. Darselecte6
- Outcome
- resistance to soil pathogense6
- Qualifier
- somee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e6“Resistant c.v. Idea imported from Italy and local c.v. All star did not show good resistance to local soil pathogens, which had more collapsed plants with low yield compared to c.v. Darselect, which showed some resistance to soil pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield in MB, MB+VIF, MS and MS+VIF treated plots was higher than in untreated plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB, MB+VIF, MS, MS+VIFe7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- untreated onese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternatives to methyl bromide and reducing its emission technology on strawberry”
e7“The yield, however, in MB, MB+VIF, MS, MS+VIF treated plots was higher than that of the untreated ones”
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