Abstract
Isolation trials from strawberry plants showing mainly wilt symptoms grown at Behera, Ismailia, Kalubia and Giza governorates yielded Fusarium oxysporum , F.solani , Macrophomina phaseolina , Pythium ultimum , Phytophthora cactorum , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii . Pathogenicity test of the four isolates of F.oxysporum revealed that they caused wilt symptoms and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one. In addition, inoculating different seven plants, i.e. bean, cucumber, eggplant, sweet pepper, strawberry, tomato and water melon with F. oxysporum isolate of Kalubia governorate indicated that it caused wilt symptoms to strawberry plants only. Therefore, it named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams. Four isolates of Bacillus spp., i.e. Bacillus coagulans , B.humilus , B.subtils and B. thringiensis and one isolate of Pseudomonas flurescens were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of strawberry plants grown in a field have severe infection by Fusarium wilt were screened for their efficacy against F. o. f.sp. fragariae, in vitro and in vivo. In general, P.flurescens followed by Bacillus subtilis were the most efficient in reducing the linear growth of the pathogenic fungus. Sterilized aqueous filtrate of the tested compost resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested fungus compared with control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing it׳s concentration. The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarization resulted in significant reduction to strawberry Fusarium wilt with significant increase to the produced fruits and their total soluble solids (T.S.S.) , either each of them was used alone or in their different combinations, compared with control treatment (infested with the causal fungus).On the other hand, compost was the most efficient in this regard compared with the other three items of disease management, i.e. soil solarization and the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens when each of them was used alone. Moreover, no apparent infection was detected when the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarization were used together and produced fruit yield of T.S.S., to somewhat, similar to control treatment ( uninfested soil with the causal fungus).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Four Fusarium oxysporum isolates caused wilt symptoms in strawberry in pathogenicity tests.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Interactor
- F.oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Outcome
- wilt symptomse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e1“Pathogenicity test of the four isolates of F.oxysporum revealed that they caused wilt symptoms and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one”
Claim · model-written summary
The Kalubia isolate of Fusarium oxysporum was the most virulent isolate tested.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- F.oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- the most virulent onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e1“Pathogenicity test of the four isolates of F.oxysporum revealed that they caused wilt symptoms and Kalubia isolate was the most virulent one”
Claim · model-written summary
The Kalubia isolate of Fusarium oxysporum caused wilt only in strawberry among seven tested plant species.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae2
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume2pathogen
- Outcome
- wilt symptomse2
- Qualifier
- bean, cucumber, eggplant, sweet pepper, strawberry, tomato and water melone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“inoculating different seven plants, i.e. bean, cucumber, eggplant, sweet pepper, strawberry, tomato and water melon with F. oxysporum isolate of Kalubia governorate indicated that it caused wilt symptoms to strawberry plants only”
Claim · model-written summary
The Kalubia Fusarium isolate was named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariaee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e3“Therefore, it named Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas flurescens was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of strawberry plants.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae4
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas flurescense4other
- Outcome
- isolated from the rhizospheric soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“one isolate of Pseudomonas flurescens were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
P.flurescens was the most efficient bioagent in reducing linear growth of the pathogenic fungus in vitro, followed by Bacillus subtilis.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- P.flurescense5
- Interactor
- F. o. f.sp. fragariaee6pathogen
- Second interactor
- P.flurescense5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- linear growth of the pathogenic funguse5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Qualifier
- followed by Bacillus subtilise5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e5“In general, P.flurescens followed by Bacillus subtilis were the most efficient in reducing the linear growth of the pathogenic fungus”
e6“screened for their efficacy against F. o. f.sp. fragariae, in vitro and in vivo”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterilized aqueous filtrate of the tested compost significantly reduced linear growth of the tested fungus compared with control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Sterilized aqueous filtrate of the tested composte7
- Interactor
- tested funguse7pathogen
- Outcome
- linear growth of the tested funguse7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Comparator
- control treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e7“Sterilized aqueous filtrate of the tested compost resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested fungus compared with control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction of fungal growth by compost filtrate gradually increased with increasing concentration.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- concentratione0
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- gradually increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e0“This reduction was gradually increased by increasing it׳s concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost was the most efficient disease-management item compared with soil solarization and the bioagents used alone.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- most efficient in this regarde0
- Direction
- most efficiente0
- Comparator
- soil solarization and the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e0“compost was the most efficient in this regard compared with the other three items of disease management, i.e. soil solarization and the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens when each of them was used alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of bioagents, compost and soil solarization significantly reduced strawberry Fusarium wilt compared with infested control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarizatione1
- Second interactor
- B.subtilis
Bacillus subtilise1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- strawberry Fusarium wilte1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e1“The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarization resulted in significant reduction to strawberry Fusarium wilt”
e2“compared with control treatment (infested with the causal fungus)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of bioagents, compost and soil solarization significantly increased fruit yield and total soluble solids of strawberry.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarizatione1
- Interactor
- B.subtilisBacillus subtilise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- produced fruits and their total soluble solids (T.S.S.)e3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e1“The combination among the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens, compost and soil solarization resulted in significant reduction to strawberry Fusarium wilt”
e3“with significant increase to the produced fruits and their total soluble solids (T.S.S.)”
e2“compared with control treatment (infested with the causal fungus)”
Claim · model-written summary
With the combined bioagents, compost and solarization, no apparent strawberry infection was detected.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarizatione1
- Outcome
- no apparent infectione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e1“no apparent infection was detected when the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarization were used together”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit yield with the combined treatments was somewhat similar to uninfested soil.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarizatione1
- Outcome
- fruit yield of T.S.S.e2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- uninfested soil with the causal funguse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt”
e1“no apparent infection was detected when the bioagents B.subtilis and P.flurescens ,compost and soil solarization were used together”
e2“produced fruit yield of T.S.S., to somewhat, similar to control treatment ( uninfested soil with the causal fungus)”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.