Abstract
Abstract The antagonistic bacteria, i.e. B. megaterium , B. pumilus , B. subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida isolated from the rhizospheric soil of strawberry plants were screened for their efficacy against the pathogenic fungi ,i.e. Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani, responsible for causing crown and root-rot diseases of strawberry, in vitro and in vivo. In general, P. fluorescens followed by megaterium were the most efficient ones in reducing the linear growth of the tested three pathogenic fungi than the other isolates. Sterilized filtrate of the tested compost (compost tea) resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested three fungi compared with the control treatment. This reduction was gradually increased by increasing it׳s concentration. The Average of the soil temperature at depths of 15 and 25 cm. was 59.7 and 51.3 ˚C during the period of soil solarization. The pathogenic three fungi failed to re-isolate from the infected segments of solarized roots for 40 days at 15 and 25 cm. depths. In addition, low frequency was recorded in case solarized crown segments, especially at 25 depths. Plot experiment revealed that the tested bioagents , i.e. B. megaterium and P. putida , compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment. Keywords: Strawberry, bacterial bioagents , compost , crown and root-rot , fruit yield , management , soil solarization, total soluble solids (TSS).
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens was the most efficient isolate for reducing growth of the three tested pathogenic fungi.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie1 - Treatment
- P. fluorescense0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- linear growth of the tested three pathogenic fungie0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solanie1
- Comparator
- other isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In general, P. fluorescens followed by megaterium were the most efficient ones in reducing the linear growth of the tested three pathogenic fungi than the other isolates.”
e1“Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Megaterium ranked next after P. fluorescens in suppressing growth of the three pathogenic fungi.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie1
- Treatment
- megateriume0
- Interactor
- megateriume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- linear growth of the tested three pathogenic fungie0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solanie1
- Comparator
- other isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, P. fluorescens followed by megaterium were the most efficient ones in reducing the linear growth of the tested three pathogenic fungi than the other isolates.”
e1“Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterilized compost tea significantly reduced growth of the three fungi relative to control.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie1
- Treatment
- Sterilized filtrate of the tested compost (compost tea)e0
- Outcome
- linear growth of the tested three fungie0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solanie1
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized filtrate of the tested compost (compost tea) resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested three fungi compared with the control treatment.”
e1“Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth suppression of the three fungi increased with compost tea concentration.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie2
- Treatment
- compost teae1
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solanie2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This reduction was gradually increased by increasing it׳s concentration.”
e1“Sterilized filtrate of the tested compost (compost tea) resulted in significant reduction to the linear growth of the tested three fungi”
e2“Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil temperature during solarization was 59.7 ˚C at 15 cm depth.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The Average of the soil temperature at depths of 15 and 25 cm. was 59.7 and 51.3 ˚C during the period of soil solarization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil temperature during solarization was 51.3 ˚C at 25 cm depth.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The Average of the soil temperature at depths of 15 and 25 cm. was 59.7 and 51.3 ˚C during the period of soil solarization.”
Claim · model-written summary
The three pathogenic fungi could not be reisolated from infected solarized root segments after 40 days at 15 and 25 cm depths.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie1
- Treatment
- solarized rootse0
- Interactor
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0host - Second interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae1pathogen - Outcome
- failed to re-isolatee0
- Qualifier
- 40 days at 15 and 25 cm. depthse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The pathogenic three fungi failed to re-isolate from the infected segments of solarized roots for 40 days at 15 and 25 cm. depths.”
e1“Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarized crown segments had low fungal isolation frequency, especially at the reported 25 depth.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie1
- Treatment
- solarized crown segmentse0
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- especially at 25 depthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, low frequency was recorded in case solarized crown segments, especially at 25 depths.”
e1“Fusarium solani , Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
B. megaterium alone significantly reduced dead plants and root rot severity and increased fruit yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- B. megateriume0
- Interactor
- B. megateriume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dead plants and root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plot experiment revealed that the tested bioagents , i.e. B. megaterium and P. putida , compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. putida alone significantly reduced dead plants and root rot severity relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- P. putidae0
- Interactor
- P. putida
Pseudomonas putidae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- dead plants and root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plot experiment revealed that the tested bioagents , i.e. B. megaterium and P. putida , compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost alone significantly reduced dead plants and root rot severity relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- dead plants and root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solarization alone significantly reduced dead plants and root rot severity relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- soil solarizatione0
- Outcome
- dead plants and root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments significantly reduced dead plants and root rot severity relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- different combinatione0
- Outcome
- dead plants and root-rot severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
B. megaterium alone significantly increased fruit yield and total soluble soils (TSS) relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- B. megateriume0
- Interactor
- B. megateriume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plot experiment revealed that the tested bioagents , i.e. B. megaterium and P. putida , compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
P. putida alone significantly increased fruit yield and total soluble soils (TSS) relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- P. putidae0
- Interactor
- P. putidaPseudomonas putidae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plot experiment revealed that the tested bioagents , i.e. B. megaterium and P. putida , compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost alone significantly increased fruit yield and total soluble soils (TSS) relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solarization alone significantly increased fruit yield and total soluble soils (TSS) relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- soil solarizatione0
- Outcome
- fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments significantly increased fruit yield and total soluble soils (TSS) relative to control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- different combinatione0
- Outcome
- fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost and soil solarization, each alone or in different combination, caused significant reduction to the infection by the mixed inoculums of the three causal fungi (dead plants and root-rot severity) with significant increase to the produced fruit yield and their total soluble soils (TSS) compared with the control treatment.”
t0“Strawberry”
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