Abstract
Root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae and P. fragariae var. rubi are major concerns in strawberry and raspberry production in the Pacific Northwest. Of lesser importance is black root rot of strawberry, caused by a complex of fungi and nematodes. Soil solarization was evaluated in 1997 in a strawberry planting and in 1998 in a raspberry planting for: (i) enhancing plant health and growth, and (ii) reducing population densities of root-destroying pathogens. Plots were solarized from mid-July to mid-September. Maximum and mean soil temperatures in solarized plots recorded at 10 cm depth were 48 and 33°C in the strawberry plots and 46 and 29°C in the raspberry plots. These temperatures were 7 to 17°C higher than temperatures recorded in nonsolarized plots. Soil collected after solarization was assayed by growing bait plants, cv. Totem strawberry or cv. Qualicum raspberry, at 15°C for 6 weeks in saturated soil to promote infections. Root health and plant growth were evaluated after 6 weeks. Solarization significantly reduced (P < 0.05) root necrosis and increased root weight of bait plants compared to plants grown in soil from nonsolarized plots. Infection of strawberry roots by P. fragariae, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Cylindrocarpon spp. was reduced (P < 0.05) by solarization in sampled soil. Disease was reduced in cv. Hood strawberries and Qualicum and Skeena red raspberries planted in solarized field plots. In the second growing season, total number and number of healthy primocanes of Qualicum plants were greater (P < 0.05) in solarized plots compared to nonsolarized plots. Solarization combined with applications of mefenoxam was no more effective in controlling diseases than solarization alone, but better than mefenoxam alone. Skeena plants responded similarly, but the differences were not significant. Red raspberry plants growing in solarized soil yielded more fruit than plants growing in nonsolarized soil in the third year after solarization. Solarization has potential as a component in an integrated pest management program of root diseases in raspberry and strawberry production, particularly within the first 2 years following planting.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Solarized strawberry plots reached maximum and mean soil temperatures of 48 and 33°C.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- solarized plotse0
- Outcome
- Maximum and mean soil temperaturese0
- Value
- 48 and 33°Ce0
- Qualifier
- 10 cm depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Maximum and mean soil temperatures in solarized plots recorded at 10 cm depth were 48 and 33°C in the strawberry plots”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarized raspberry plots reached maximum and mean soil temperatures of 46 and 29°C.
Verbatim
e0“46 and 29°C in the raspberry plots”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
e2“Maximum and mean soil temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarized plot temperatures were 7 to 17°C higher than nonsolarized plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Soil solarizatione1
- Outcome
- temperaturese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7 to 17°Ce0
- Comparator
- nonsolarized plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These temperatures were 7 to 17°C higher than temperatures recorded in nonsolarized plots.”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
e1“Soil solarization was evaluated in 1997 in a strawberry planting and in 1998 in a raspberry planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization significantly reduced bait plant root necrosis.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarizatione0
- Outcome
- root necrosise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- plants grown in soil from nonsolarized plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solarization significantly reduced (P < 0.05) root necrosis and increased root weight of bait plants compared to plants grown in soil from nonsolarized plots.”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization significantly increased bait plant root weight.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarizatione0
- Outcome
- root weight of bait plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- plants grown in soil from nonsolarized plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solarization significantly reduced (P < 0.05) root necrosis and increased root weight of bait plants compared to plants grown in soil from nonsolarized plots.”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced strawberry root infection by P. fragariae.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Interactor
- P. fragariae
Phytophthora fragariaee0pathogen - Outcome
- Infection of strawberry roots by P. fragariaee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection of strawberry roots by P. fragariae, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Cylindrocarpon spp. was reduced (P < 0.05) by solarization in sampled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced strawberry root infection by Pythium.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Outcome
- Infection of strawberry rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PythiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Infection of strawberry roots by P. fragariae, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Cylindrocarpon spp. was reduced (P < 0.05) by solarization in sampled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced strawberry root infection by Rhizoctonia.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia
.jpg?width=60)
Rhizoctoniae0pathogen - Outcome
- Infection of strawberry rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Infection of strawberry roots by P. fragariae, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Cylindrocarpon spp. was reduced (P < 0.05) by solarization in sampled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced strawberry root infection by Cylindrocarpon spp.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- solarizatione0
- Interactor
- Cylindrocarpon spp.Cylindrocarpone0pathogen
- Outcome
- Infection of strawberry rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection of strawberry roots by P. fragariae, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Cylindrocarpon spp. was reduced (P < 0.05) by solarization in sampled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced disease in Hood strawberry field plots.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- cv. Hoode0
- Treatment
- solarized field plotse0
- Outcome
- Diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- field plotse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease was reduced in cv. Hood strawberries and Qualicum and Skeena red raspberries planted in solarized field plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced disease in Qualicum raspberry field plots.
- Taxon
- red raspberries
_Rubus_idaeus_-_Feuillage.jpg?width=60)
Rubus idaeuse0 - Material
- Qualicume0
- Treatment
- solarized field plotse0
- Outcome
- Diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- field plotse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Rubus_idaeus_-_Feuillage.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Disease was reduced in cv. Hood strawberries and Qualicum and Skeena red raspberries planted in solarized field plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization reduced disease in Skeena raspberry field plots.
- Taxon
- red raspberriesRubus idaeuse0
- Material
- Skeenae0
- Treatment
- solarized field plotse0
- Outcome
- Diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- field plotse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease was reduced in cv. Hood strawberries and Qualicum and Skeena red raspberries planted in solarized field plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Qualicum plants had more total primocanes in solarized plots in the second growing season.
Verbatim
e0“In the second growing season, total number and number of healthy primocanes of Qualicum plants were greater (P < 0.05) in solarized plots compared to nonsolarized plots.”
t0“Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Qualicum plants had more healthy primocanes in solarized plots in the second growing season.
Verbatim
e0“In the second growing season, total number and number of healthy primocanes of Qualicum plants were greater (P < 0.05) in solarized plots compared to nonsolarized plots.”
t0“Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization plus mefenoxam controlled disease no better than solarization alone.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarization combined with applications of mefenoxame0
- Outcome
- controlling diseasese0
- Direction
- no more effectivee0
- Comparator
- solarization alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solarization combined with applications of mefenoxam was no more effective in controlling diseases than solarization alone”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization plus mefenoxam controlled disease better than mefenoxam alone.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Solarization combined with applications of mefenoxame2
- Outcome
- controlling diseasese2
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- mefenoxam alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but better than mefenoxam alone”
t0“Strawberry and Red Raspberry”
e2“Solarization combined with applications of mefenoxam was no more effective in controlling diseases than solarization alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Skeena raspberry responded similarly, without significant differences.
Verbatim
e0“Skeena plants responded similarly, but the differences were not significant.”
t0“Red Raspberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Red raspberry in solarized soil yielded more fruit in year three.
- Taxon
- Red raspberryRubus idaeuse0
- Treatment
- solarized soile0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- third year after solarizatione0
- Comparator
- nonsolarized soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Red raspberry plants growing in solarized soil yielded more fruit than plants growing in nonsolarized soil in the third year after solarization.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider solarization a potential part of integrated root disease management early after planting.
Verbatim
e0“Solarization has potential as a component in an integrated pest management program of root diseases in raspberry and strawberry production, particularly within the first 2 years following planting.”
The same questions in other papers
solarization · growth · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →solarization · disease · Rubus idaeus (red raspberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
solarization · Rhizoctonia · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
solarization · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
11 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.