Abstract
Abstract Silicon nanoparticles have distinctive physicochemical characteristics and are able to enter into plants and impact the metabolism of plants as well as improve plant growth and yield under unfavourable environmental conditions. Besides, low soil organic matter content, imbalanced nutrient and inadequate water supply may adversely affect crop productivity in semiarid areas. To understand the effects of foliar spray of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (nSiO 2 ) with application of farmyard manure (FYM) or inorganic fertilizer on morpho-physiological traits and yield of safflower, a field experiment was carried out in a highland semiarid region of Maragheh, northwest Iran. The experiment consisted of two levels of nSiO 2 (0 and 20 mM) and four fertilizer regimes (control, 15 t ha −1 FYM, 30 t ha −1 FYM, 90 kg ha −1 N-P-K chemical fertilizer). Safflower plants were treated with nSiO 2 suspension at leaf development, branching and capitulum emergence stages. Although the nSiO 2 significantly improved some growth parameters such as canopy spread, stem diameter, plant height, ground cover and the number of achenes in capitulum, it did not affect achene yield and harvest index. However, fertilizer treatments considerably affected most of morpho-physiological traits, achene yield and yield components. The result showed that the best growth and the highest achene yield were achieved by application of 30 t ha −1 FYM before sowing. Application of high FYM increased the achene yield by 48% compared to the control, however, application of N-P-K chemical fertilizer or of 15 t ha −1 FYM improved achene yield only up to 17% over the no fertilizer condition. Moreover, this work revealed some positive effects of exogenous application of nSiO 2 on safflower growth. This finding suggests that application of organic fertilizers with foliar spray of nSiO 2 can improve safflower production and is an advisable agronomic option.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nSiO2 significantly improved canopy spread, stem diameter and plant height of safflower.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- nSiO 2e1
- Outcome
- canopy spread, stem diameter, plant heighte1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e1“Although the nSiO 2 significantly improved some growth parameters such as canopy spread, stem diameter, plant height, ground cover and the number of achenes in capitulum”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nSiO2 significantly improved ground cover and the number of achenes in the capitulum of safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- nSiO 2e1
- Outcome
- ground cover and the number of achenes in capitulume1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e1“Although the nSiO 2 significantly improved some growth parameters such as canopy spread, stem diameter, plant height, ground cover and the number of achenes in capitulum”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nSiO2 did not affect achene yield or harvest index of safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- nSiO 2e1
- Outcome
- achene yield and harvest indexe2
- Direction
- did not affecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e1“Although the nSiO 2 significantly improved some growth parameters such as canopy spread, stem diameter, plant height, ground cover and the number of achenes in capitulum”
e2“it did not affect achene yield and harvest index”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer treatments considerably affected most morpho-physiological traits, achene yield and yield components of safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse3
- Outcome
- morpho-physiological traits, achene yield and yield componentse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e3“fertilizer treatments considerably affected most of morpho-physiological traits, achene yield and yield components”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 30 t/ha FYM before sowing gave the best growth and highest achene yield of safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- application of 30 t ha −1 FYM before sowinge4
- Outcome
- best growth and the highest achene yielde4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e4“the best growth and the highest achene yield were achieved by application of 30 t ha −1 FYM before sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of high FYM increased safflower achene yield by 48% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- Application of high FYMe5
- Outcome
- achene yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 48%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e5“Application of high FYM increased the achene yield by 48% compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of N-P-K chemical fertilizer improved safflower achene yield by only up to 17% over no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- application of N-P-K chemical fertilizere6
- Outcome
- achene yielde6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Value
- up to 17%e6
- Comparator
- no fertilizer conditione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e6“application of N-P-K chemical fertilizer or of 15 t ha −1 FYM improved achene yield only up to 17% over the no fertilizer condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 15 t/ha FYM improved safflower achene yield by only up to 17% over no fertilizer.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- 15 t ha −1 FYMe6
- Outcome
- achene yielde6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Value
- up to 17%e6
- Comparator
- no fertilizer conditione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e6“application of N-P-K chemical fertilizer or of 15 t ha −1 FYM improved achene yield only up to 17% over the no fertilizer condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer application with foliar nSiO2 is an advisable agronomic option to improve safflower production.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Outcome
- safflower productione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“safflower growth”
e7“application of organic fertilizers with foliar spray of nSiO 2 can improve safflower production and is an advisable agronomic option”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results differ
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →fertilization · yield · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results differ
70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
68 papers more in this group
See all 72 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.