Abstract
Changes in climate due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) are predicted to intensify episodes of drought, but our understanding of how these combined conditions will influence crop-pathogen interactions is limited. We recently demonstrated that elevated [CO2] alone enhances maize susceptibility to the mycotoxigenic pathogen, Fusarium verticillioides (Fv) but fumonisin levels remain unaffected. In this study we show that maize simultaneously exposed to elevated [CO2] and drought are even more susceptible to Fv proliferation and also prone to higher levels of fumonisin contamination. Despite the increase in fumonisin levels, the amount of fumonisin produced in relation to pathogen biomass remained lower than corresponding plants grown at ambient [CO2]. Therefore, the increase in fumonisin contamination was likely due to even greater pathogen biomass rather than an increase in host-derived stimulants. Drought did not negate the compromising effects of elevated [CO2] on the accumulation of maize phytohormones and metabolites. However, since elevated [CO2] does not influence the drought-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) or root terpenoid phytoalexins, the effects elevated [CO2] are negated belowground, but the stifled defense response aboveground may be a consequence of resource redirection to the roots.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and drought increased maize susceptibility to Fv proliferation.
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2] and droughte0
- Interactor
- Fve0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptible to Fv proliferatione0
- Direction
- even more susceptiblee0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize simultaneously exposed to elevated [CO2] and drought are even more susceptible to Fv proliferation”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and drought increased fumonisin contamination.
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2] and droughte0
- Interactor
- Fve0pathogen
- Outcome
- fumonisin contaminatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize simultaneously exposed to elevated [CO2] and drought are even more susceptible to Fv proliferation and also prone to higher levels of fumonisin contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumonisin production per pathogen biomass remained lower than in plants at ambient CO2.
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]t0
- Interactor
- Fusarium verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioidest0pathogen - Outcome
- fumonisin produced in relation to pathogen biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of fumonisin produced in relation to pathogen biomass remained lower than corresponding plants grown at ambient [CO2].”
t0“Elevated [CO2] and Drought on the Maize Phytochemical Defense Response against Mycotoxigenic Fusarium verticillioides”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute higher fumonisin contamination to greater pathogen biomass.
- Interactor
- Fusarium verticillioidesFusarium verticillioidest0pathogen
- Outcome
- increase in fumonisin contaminatione0
- Qualifier
- greater pathogen biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase in fumonisin contamination was likely due to even greater pathogen biomass rather than an increase in host-derived stimulants.”
t0“Maize Phytochemical Defense Response against Mycotoxigenic Fusarium verticillioides”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought did not negate elevated CO2 effects on maize phytohormone and metabolite accumulation.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought did not negate the compromising effects of elevated [CO2] on the accumulation of maize phytohormones and metabolites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not influence drought-induced abscisic acid accumulation.
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- drought-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- does not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO2] does not influence the drought-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not influence drought-induced root terpenoid phytoalexins.
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- root terpenoid phytoalexinse0
- Direction
- does not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO2] does not influence the drought-induced accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) or root terpenoid phytoalexins”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest resource redirection to roots may explain stifled aboveground defense.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stifled defense response aboveground may be a consequence of resource redirection to the roots.”
t0“Maize”
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