Abstract
Soil carryover of the herbicide trifluralin can injure Zea mays. Therefore, the development of resistant hybrids can be an important breeding objective. This research was conducted to study the genetic variability for trifluralin resistance in Z. mays , the effects of genes controlling resistance, and the seed lipid content of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) inbreds. Twenty inbreds were tested under greenhouse conditions at three trifluralin rates (0, 12.5, and 125 g ai ha −1 ). Lo1067 was the most resistant, and A632 was the most susceptible inbred. Hybrids among R and S inbreds were tested, along with their parents, under greenhouse conditions (using the same three rates) and in the field (at 0, 0.4, and 0.8 kg ai ha −1 ). Under both greenhouse and field conditions, inbreds R were more resistant than S. Hybrids R × R were more resistant than S × S, indicating that additive effects were important. Hybrids R × S and S × R did not significantly differ, indicating that reciprocal effects were not important. On average, hybrids R × S and S × R were intermediate between R × R and S × S, suggesting that nonadditive effects were negligible. The difference between the mean across hybrids and the mean across parents (further estimating the importance of nonadditive effects) was significant only for parameters investigated in the greenhouse. Greenhouse data were correlated with field data, but the coefficients of determination were < 50%. The ability to predict hybrid resistance on the basis of parental mean was higher in the greenhouse ( r 2 = 0.78) than in the field ( r 2 = 0.47). R and S inbreds also differed in seed lipid content, but correlations were negligible with greenhouse and field data. Data indicated the presence of genetic variability for trifluralin resistance, that additive effects were prevailing, and that the resistance level was not related to seed lipid content.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Inbred Lo1067 was the most resistant to trifluralin.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“Lo1067 was the most resistant”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Inbred A632 was the most susceptible to trifluralin.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“A632 was the most susceptible inbred”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Under both greenhouse and field conditions the resistant inbreds were more resistant than the susceptible inbreds.
- Material
- inbreds Re0
- Treatment
- trifluraline1
- Outcome
- more resistante0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- Se0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“Under both greenhouse and field conditions, inbreds R were more resistant than S”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids R x R were more resistant than S x S.
- Material
- Hybrids R × Re0
- Treatment
- trifluraline1
- Outcome
- more resistante0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- S × Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“Hybrids R × R were more resistant than S × S”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Additive effects were important for trifluralin resistance, as shown by R x R hybrids being more resistant than S x S.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“Hybrids R × R were more resistant than S × S, indicating that additive effects were important”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids R x S and S x R did not differ significantly, so reciprocal effects were not important.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“Hybrids R × S and S × R did not significantly differ”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
On average hybrids R x S and S x R were intermediate between R x R and S x S.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“hybrids R × S and S × R were intermediate between R × R and S × S”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The intermediate position of the R x S and S x R hybrids suggested that nonadditive effects were negligible.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“hybrids R × S and S × R were intermediate between R × R and S × S, suggesting that nonadditive effects were negligible”
Claim · model-written summary
The difference between the mean across hybrids and the mean across parents was significant only for the parameters investigated in the greenhouse.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“The difference between the mean across hybrids and the mean across parents (further estimating the importance of nonadditive effects) was significant only for parameters investigated in the greenhouse”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse data were correlated with field data, but the coefficients of determination were below 50%.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“Greenhouse data were correlated with field data, but the coefficients of determination were < 50%”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The ability to predict hybrid resistance from the parental mean was higher in the greenhouse (r2 = 0.78) than in the field (r2 = 0.47).
- Outcome
- ability to predict hybrid resistancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- r 2 = 0.78e0
- Qualifier
- r 2 = 0.47e0
- Comparator
- the fielde0
- Setting
- the greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“The ability to predict hybrid resistance on the basis of parental mean was higher in the greenhouse ( r 2 = 0.78) than in the field ( r 2 = 0.47)”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant and susceptible inbreds differed in seed lipid content.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“R and S inbreds also differed in seed lipid content”
e1“three trifluralin rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed lipid content correlated negligibly with the greenhouse and field resistance data.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays”
e0“R and S inbreds also differed in seed lipid content, but correlations were negligible with greenhouse and field data”
e1“three trifluralin rates”