Paper · 1972 · Forest Science

Maturation of Sweetgum and American Sycamore Seeds

F. T. Bonner

8
claims
14
verbatim quotes
10
citations
3
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Abstract Over three consecutive years in central Mississippi, sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June. Sweetgum seeds were physiologically mature by mid-August, but dry weight increased until late September. As sweetgum seeds matured, the crude fat level rose to 27 percent of seed dry weight. During maturation, concentrations of soluble nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, and magnesium decreased, while those of protein nitrogen and phosphorus increased. Sycamore seeds became physiologically mature by early September. Chemical changes in sycamore were similar to those in sweetgum, except that the major food reserves were carbohydrates and not fats. Forest Sci. 18:223-231.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 8

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sweetgum fruits had nearly reached full size by late June in central Mississippi.

Outcome
fruits had nearly reached full-sizee0
Value
late Junee0
Setting
central Mississippie2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua · TaxonFamartin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–190 · show in text ↑
e2

“Over three consecutive years in central Mississippi”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 9–60 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sweetgum seeds became physiologically mature by mid-August.

Organ / stage
seedse1
Outcome
physiologically maturee1
Value
mid-Auguste1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua · TaxonFamartin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–190 · show in text ↑
e1

“Sweetgum seeds were physiologically mature by mid-August, but dry weight increased until late September”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 192–295 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Dry weight of sweetgum seeds increased until late September.

Outcome
dry weighte1
Direction
increasede1
Qualifier
until late Septembere1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua · TaxonFamartin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–190 · show in text ↑
e1

“Sweetgum seeds were physiologically mature by mid-August, but dry weight increased until late September”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 192–295 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The crude fat level of sweetgum seeds rose to 27 percent of seed dry weight during maturation.

Organ / stage
seede3
Outcome
crude fat levele3
Direction
rosee3
Value
27 percente3

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua · TaxonFamartin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–190 · show in text ↑
e3

“As sweetgum seeds matured, the crude fat level rose to 27 percent of seed dry weight”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 297–381 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soluble nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates and magnesium in sweetgum seeds decreased during maturation.

Outcome
soluble nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, and magnesiume4
Direction
decreasede4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua · TaxonFamartin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–190 · show in text ↑
e4

“During maturation, concentrations of soluble nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, and magnesium decreased, while those of protein nitrogen and phosphorus increased”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 383–542 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Protein nitrogen and phosphorus in sweetgum seeds increased during maturation.

Outcome
protein nitrogen and phosphoruse4
Direction
increasede4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua · TaxonFamartin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) fruits had nearly reached full-size by late June”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 62–190 · show in text ↑
e4

“During maturation, concentrations of soluble nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, and magnesium decreased, while those of protein nitrogen and phosphorus increased”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 383–542 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sycamore seeds became physiologically mature by early September.

Taxon
Sycamoree5
Organ / stage
seedse5
Outcome
physiologically maturee5
Value
early Septembere5

Verbatim

e5

“Sycamore seeds became physiologically mature by early September”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 544–607 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The major food reserves of sycamore seeds are carbohydrates and not fats.

Taxon
sycamoree6
Outcome
major food reservese6
Qualifier
were carbohydrates and not fatse6

Verbatim

e6

“Chemical changes in sycamore were similar to those in sweetgum, except that the major food reserves were carbohydrates and not fats”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 609–740 · show in text ↑