Abstract
Air pollution in Yokkaichi city is a typical pollution which is caused by the large amount of emission from the steam power installation chiefly using heavy oil, refineries, and many petrochemical factories. As the percentage of heavy oil in fuel is very high, the most serious trouble is sulfur oxides. During the period of May to September when rice plant or other summer crops are grown, the air pollution is brought on the region of paddy around the city. The present study was conducted to clarify the relations between dry matter and grain production in the rice plant, and sulfur oxides in the air of Yokkaichi area. Since 1958, when the first petroleum combinate was established and began to work actually, the grain production of rice plant in Yokkaichi area decrcased continuously up to date. The citizens there began to complain of asthmatic disease, "Yokkaichi Asthma, " which was caused by the sulfur oxides in an air. Author has discussed about the significance as the indicator plants for monitering of air pollutions through clarifying the relation between the patient number of Yokkaichi Asthma and decrease of grain production of rice plant. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The growth and development of rice plant was inhibited by sulfur oxides in Yokkaichi area. The leaf age, number of stems and plant height were smaller in Yokkaichi city than in Tsu city (control plot). 2. The expansion of leaf area and leaf dry weight in Yokkaichi city intreased more than in Tsu city, but, with the progress of growth, those in Tsu city exceeded those in Yokkaichi city. The degree of decrease was larger in dry weight of stems than in that of leaves. Especially the dry weight of roots at the eary growing stage was severely inhibit by air pollution. 3. Tillers that emerged late were observed numerously in Yokkaichi city. The higher concentration of sulfur oxides in an air, the later heading time. The grain production was lower in Yokkaichi city than in Tsu city, and the percentage of decrease in Yokkaichi city was by 35% in a maximum. 4. Of yield components, number of panicles per hill was affected most remarkably by air pollution following percentage of 1, 000 kernels. The relation between total dry weight or grain yield and concentration of sulfur oxides showed high significant correlation. 5. As a typical visible injury by sulfur oxides on the leaf or leaf sheath, through growing period was not observed, the damage of rice plant seems to be due to the invisible injury. The percentage of decrease in the area of the air pollution at Yokkaichi was 50% in total dry weight and 35% in the grain yield. 6. The decrease of grain production of rice plant has occured since 1958, when the first petroleum combinate was established and began to work actually, the damage was most severe in 1961 and 1965. The relation between percentage of grain production in Yokkaichi area and the number of asthmatic disease which is called "Yokkaichi Asthma." showed a significant correlation. The Yokkaichi Asthma was observed at five years after the decrease of grain production occured in 1958, From this it is extremely important that the indicator plants for monitering of air pollution as the evil omen of effect to human being and to the decrease in production of crop plant are utilized
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf age, stem number and height were smaller in Yokkaichi than Tsu.
- Taxon
- rice plant
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- leaf age, number of stems and plant heighte0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- Tsu citye0
- Setting
- Yokkaichi citye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf age, number of stems and plant height were smaller in Yokkaichi city than in Tsu city (control plot).”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf area expansion and leaf dry weight initially exceeded Tsu but later fell behind.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- expansion of leaf area and leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- intreased moree0
- Qualifier
- with the progress of growthe0
- Comparator
- Tsu citye0
- Setting
- Yokkaichi citye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expansion of leaf area and leaf dry weight in Yokkaichi city intreased more than in Tsu city, but, with the progress of growth, those in Tsu city exceeded those in Yokkaichi city.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem dry weight decreased more than leaf dry weight.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- dry weight of stemse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The degree of decrease was larger in dry weight of stems than in that of leaves.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Early root dry weight was severely inhibited by air pollution.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- air pollutione0
- Outcome
- dry weight of rootse0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dry weight of roots at the eary growing stage was severely inhibit by air pollution”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Late emerging tillers were numerous in Yokkaichi.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Tillers that emerged late were observed numerouslye0
- Setting
- Yokkaichi citye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillers that emerged late were observed numerously in Yokkaichi city.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sulfur oxide concentration was associated with later heading.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Compound
- sulfur oxidese0
- Outcome
- heading timee0
- Direction
- latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher concentration of sulfur oxides in an air, the later heading time.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain production was lower in Yokkaichi than Tsu, by up to 35%.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain productione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- Tsu citye0
- Setting
- Yokkaichi citye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain production was lower in Yokkaichi city than in Tsu city, and the percentage of decrease in Yokkaichi city was by 35% in a maximum.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicles per hill were the yield component most affected by pollution.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- air pollutione0
- Outcome
- number of panicles per hille0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“number of panicles per hill was affected most remarkably by air pollution”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentage of 1,000 kernels was another yield component affected by pollution.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- air pollutione1
- Outcome
- percentage of 1, 000 kernelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“following percentage of 1, 000 kernels”
e1“was affected most remarkably by air pollution”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry weight correlated significantly with sulfur oxide concentration.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Compound
- sulfur oxidese0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relation between total dry weight or grain yield and concentration of sulfur oxides showed high significant correlation.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield correlated significantly with sulfur oxide concentration.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Compound
- sulfur oxidese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relation between total dry weight or grain yield and concentration of sulfur oxides showed high significant correlation.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
No typical visible sulfur oxide injury was observed on leaves or sheaths.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leaf or leaf sheathe0
- Outcome
- typical visible injury by sulfur oxides on the leaf or leaf sheath, through growing period was not observede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“typical visible injury by sulfur oxides on the leaf or leaf sheath, through growing period was not observed”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Total rice dry weight declined by 50% in Yokkaichi pollution area.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- air pollutione0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Setting
- Yokkaichie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of decrease in the area of the air pollution at Yokkaichi was 50% in total dry weight”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield declined by 35% in Yokkaichi pollution area.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- air pollutione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Setting
- Yokkaichie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of decrease in the area of the air pollution at Yokkaichi was 50% in total dry weight and 35% in the grain yield.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain production began decreasing in 1958.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- grain productione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 1958e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease of grain production of rice plant has occured since 1958”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice damage was most severe in 1961 and 1965.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- most severee0
- Value
- 1961 and 1965e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the damage was most severe in 1961 and 1965”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain production percentage correlated significantly with asthma case numbers.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- percentage of grain productione0
- Qualifier
- number of asthmatic diseasee0
- Setting
- Yokkaichi areae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relation between percentage of grain production in Yokkaichi area and the number of asthmatic disease which is called "Yokkaichi Asthma." showed a significant correlation.”
t0“rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The author recommended indicator plants for monitoring air pollution.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- indicator plants for monitering of air pollutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is extremely important that the indicator plants for monitering of air pollution as the evil omen of effect to human being and to the decrease in production of crop plant are utilized”
t0“rice plant”