Abstract
The object of this report is to clarify the dry-matter accumulation habits and to investigate the effects of climatic factors on the dry-matter production and yield of maize for whole-plant silage in the north-marginal area in Japan. Experiments were repeated in the same method except variety and planting date over 6 years (1976∼'81). Heigen-wase (early hybrid) was used over a 3-year period (1976∼'78), and Wase-homare(early hybrid) was used over a 4-year period (1978∼'81). Both varieties were planted on 4 or 3 different dates from mid-May in each year. The dry-matter weight in each organ was measured at 3-week intervals, from 6 weeks before silking date, and dry-matter yields were measured at harvesting date. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The dry weight of leaf blade showed little variation during the ear-filling period. The dry weight of stem (culm+leaf sheath+tassel) increased slowly during the first half of the ear-filling period and then showed increase or decrease during the latter half of the ear-filling period. The dry weight of ear )kernel+cov+husk) increased linearly, and showed extremely large differences among years. The dry weight of top was affected remarkably by the weight of ear, which resulted in large differences among years in the dry weight of top (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). 2. Top dry weight growth rate (CGR) changed like a shape of unimodal curve with a peak value occurring at about silking in each year, and showed a rapid decrease during the ear-filling period. Net assimilation rate(NAR) showed a tendency to have a maximum value during the period of 3 weeks before silking. Leaf area index (LAI) reached a maximum at silking or 3 weeks after silking and then decreased gradually (Fig. 4). 3. CGR in each growth period indicated highly positive correlation with different growth parameters: with LAI during the period of 6∼3 weeks before silking, with NAR during the period of 3 weeks before silking (period II) and the first half of the ear-filling period (period III), and with both of NAR and LAI during the latter half of the ear-filling period (period IV), respectively (Table 1). 4. CGR in the period II positively correlated with temperature of daily mean, maximum and minimum, and sunshine hours, but negatively correlated with rainfall. CGR in the period III and IV indicated highly positive correlation with the three temperature factors described above, sunshine hours and solar radiation, and indicated the highest positive correlation with daily maximum temperature. But CGR in the period IV indicated negative correlation with daily mean wind speed (Table 2). 5. Stover DM yield indicated positive correlation with CGR in the period II. Ear DM yield indicated highly positive correlation with CGR in the period III and IV. Although total DM yield was affected by the ear ratio, total DM yield indicated the highest positive correlation with CGR in the period III and IV. Both of percentages of dry-matter in ear and whole-plant, and ear/total ratio indicated highly positive correlation with CGR in later growth period. CGR during the latter half of the ear-filling period showed the greatest influence on yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silage (Table 4). 6. From above results, it was concluded that increase of CGR during the latter half of the ear-filling period was essential for stable and high yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silage under severe conditions in the north-marginal area.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf blade dry weight of maize showed little variation during the ear-filling period.
- Organ / stage
- leaf bladee1
- Outcome
- dry weight of leaf bladee1
- Qualifier
- little variation during the ear-filling periode1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The dry weight of leaf blade showed little variation during the ear-filling period”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem dry weight of maize increased slowly in the first half of the ear-filling period and then increased or decreased in the latter half.
- Organ / stage
- steme1
- Outcome
- dry weight of steme1
- Direction
- increased slowlye1
- Qualifier
- increase or decrease during the latter half of the ear-filling periode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The dry weight of stem (culm+leaf sheath+tassel) increased slowly during the first half of the ear-filling period and then showed increase or decrease during the latter half of the ear-filling period”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear dry weight of maize increased linearly, with extremely large differences among years.
- Organ / stage
- eare1
- Outcome
- dry weight of eare1
- Direction
- increased linearlye1
- Qualifier
- extremely large differences among yearse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The dry weight of ear )kernel+cov+husk) increased linearly, and showed extremely large differences among years”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Top dry weight of maize was affected remarkably by ear weight, giving large differences among years.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The dry weight of top was affected remarkably by the weight of ear, which resulted in large differences among years in the dry weight of top”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Top dry weight growth rate (CGR) of maize peaked at about silking with a unimodal curve.
- Outcome
- Top dry weight growth rate (CGR)e1
- Qualifier
- peak value occurring at about silking in each yeare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Top dry weight growth rate (CGR) changed like a shape of unimodal curve with a peak value occurring at about silking in each year, and showed a rapid decrease during the ear-filling period”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Top dry weight growth rate (CGR) of maize showed a rapid decrease during the ear-filling period.
- Outcome
- Top dry weight growth rate (CGR)e1
- Direction
- rapid decreasee1
- Qualifier
- during the ear-filling periode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Top dry weight growth rate (CGR) changed like a shape of unimodal curve with a peak value occurring at about silking in each year, and showed a rapid decrease during the ear-filling period”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate (NAR) of maize tended to reach a maximum in the 3 weeks before silking.
- Outcome
- Net assimilation rate(NAR)e1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- during the period of 3 weeks before silkinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Net assimilation rate(NAR) showed a tendency to have a maximum value during the period of 3 weeks before silking”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area index (LAI) of maize reached a maximum at silking or 3 weeks after silking and then decreased gradually.
- Outcome
- Leaf area index (LAI)e1
- Direction
- reached a maximume1
- Qualifier
- at silking or 3 weeks after silkinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Leaf area index (LAI) reached a maximum at silking or 3 weeks after silking and then decreased gradually”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize was highly positively correlated with LAI during the 6 to 3 weeks before silking.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR in each growth period indicated highly positive correlation with different growth parameters: with LAI during the period of 6∼3 weeks before silking, with NAR during the period of 3 weeks before silking (period II) and the first half of the ear-filling period (period III), and with both of NAR and LAI during the latter half of the ear-filling period (period IV)”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize was highly positively correlated with NAR during period II and period III.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR in each growth period indicated highly positive correlation with different growth parameters: with LAI during the period of 6∼3 weeks before silking, with NAR during the period of 3 weeks before silking (period II) and the first half of the ear-filling period (period III), and with both of NAR and LAI during the latter half of the ear-filling period (period IV)”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize in period IV was highly positively correlated with both NAR and LAI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR in each growth period indicated highly positive correlation with different growth parameters: with LAI during the period of 6∼3 weeks before silking, with NAR during the period of 3 weeks before silking (period II) and the first half of the ear-filling period (period III), and with both of NAR and LAI during the latter half of the ear-filling period (period IV)”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize in period II was positively correlated with daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature and with sunshine hours.
- Organ / stage
- period IIe1
- Treatment
- temperature of daily mean, maximum and minimum, and sunshine hourse1
- Outcome
- CGR in the period IIe1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR in the period II positively correlated with temperature of daily mean, maximum and minimum, and sunshine hours, but negatively correlated with rainfall”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize in period II was negatively correlated with rainfall.
- Organ / stage
- period IIe1
- Treatment
- rainfalle1
- Outcome
- CGR in the period IIe1
- Direction
- negatively correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR in the period II positively correlated with temperature of daily mean, maximum and minimum, and sunshine hours, but negatively correlated with rainfall”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize in periods III and IV was highly positively correlated with temperature factors, sunshine hours and solar radiation, and most strongly with daily maximum temperature.
- Organ / stage
- period III and IVe1
- Treatment
- sunshine hours and solar radiatione1
- Outcome
- CGR in the period III and IVe1
- Direction
- highly positive correlatione1
- Qualifier
- the highest positive correlation with daily maximum temperaturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR in the period III and IV indicated highly positive correlation with the three temperature factors described above, sunshine hours and solar radiation, and indicated the highest positive correlation with daily maximum temperature”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR of maize in period IV was negatively correlated with daily mean wind speed.
- Organ / stage
- period IVe1
- Treatment
- daily mean wind speede1
- Outcome
- CGR in the period IVe1
- Direction
- negative correlatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“But CGR in the period IV indicated negative correlation with daily mean wind speed”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Stover dry matter yield of maize was positively correlated with CGR in period II.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Stover DM yield indicated positive correlation with CGR in the period II”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear and total dry matter yield of maize were highly positively correlated with CGR in periods III and IV, with total dry matter yield showing the highest correlation.
- Organ / stage
- period III and IVe1
- Outcome
- Ear DM yielde1
- Direction
- highly positive correlatione1
- Qualifier
- total DM yield indicated the highest positive correlatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ear DM yield indicated highly positive correlation with CGR in the period III and IV. Although total DM yield was affected by the ear ratio, total DM yield indicated the highest positive correlation with CGR in the period III and IV”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentages of dry matter in ear and whole plant and the ear/total ratio of maize were highly positively correlated with CGR in the later growth period.
- Organ / stage
- later growth periode1
- Outcome
- percentages of dry-matter in ear and whole-plant, and ear/total ratioe1
- Direction
- highly positive correlatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Both of percentages of dry-matter in ear and whole-plant, and ear/total ratio indicated highly positive correlation with CGR in later growth period”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR in the latter half of the ear-filling period had the greatest influence on yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silage.
- Organ / stage
- latter half of the ear-filling periode1
- Outcome
- yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silagee1
- Qualifier
- showed the greatest influencee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“CGR during the latter half of the ear-filling period showed the greatest influence on yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silage”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing CGR in the latter half of the ear-filling period is essential for stable and high yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silage under severe conditions in the north-marginal area.
- Organ / stage
- latter half of the ear-filling periode1
- Outcome
- stable and high yield and qualitye1
- Setting
- north-marginal areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“it was concluded that increase of CGR during the latter half of the ear-filling period was essential for stable and high yield and quality of maize for whole-plant silage under severe conditions in the north-marginal area”
t0“Productivity of Maize for Whole-Plant Silage”