Abstract
The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a major insect pest of tomato under field and greenhouse conditions, and its management is based primarily on foliar applications of insecticides. However, the continuous use of conventional insecticides leads to the development of insecticide resistance, which emphasizes the need for new pest management alternatives. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of insecticides and bio-pesticides against the greenhouse whitefly on tomatoes grown in polyhouses (plastic-covered greenhouses) for two years at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Results showed that abamectin resulted in the highest mean percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorum, followed by acetamiprid and buprofezin. Spiromesifen and bifenthrin resulted in moderate levels of efficacy, followed by azadirachtin and mineral oil. Spinosad, Melia, and malathion (the insecticide-treated control) showed the least efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorum. Similarly, abamectin and acetamiprid were the most highly effective materials against the adult stage. Bifenthrin, spinosad, azadirachtin, and buprofezin showed moderate reductions in adult whitefly populations. Spiromesifen, mineral oil, Melia, and malathion were the least effective against adult populations of T. vaporariorum. Overall, abamectin, acetamiprid, buprofezin, and bifenthrin were the most promising materials for managing T. vaporariorum in greenhouses. Azadirachtin and mineral oil also provided adequate control of greenhouse whitefly on greenhouse tomatoes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Abamectin gave the highest mean reduction in immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- Tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- abamectine0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorum
Trialeurodes vaporariorume0pest - Outcome
- percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abamectin resulted in the highest mean percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetamiprid ranked second for immature whitefly reduction.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- acetamipride0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume1pest
- Outcome
- immatures of T. vaporariorume1
- Direction
- followed bye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by acetamiprid and buprofezin”
e1“abamectin resulted in the highest mean percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Buprofezin ranked after acetamiprid for immature whitefly reduction.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- buprofezine0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume1pest
- Outcome
- immatures of T. vaporariorume1
- Direction
- followed bye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by acetamiprid and buprofezin”
e1“abamectin resulted in the highest mean percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spiromesifen had moderate efficacy against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spiromesifene0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- moderatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spiromesifen and bifenthrin resulted in moderate levels of efficacy”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin had moderate efficacy against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bifenthrine0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- moderatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spiromesifen and bifenthrin resulted in moderate levels of efficacy”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachtin ranked below spiromesifen and bifenthrin against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- azadirachtine0
- Outcome
- immatures of T. vaporariorume1
- Direction
- followed bye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by azadirachtin and mineral oil”
e1“abamectin resulted in the highest mean percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral oil ranked below spiromesifen and bifenthrin against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- mineral oile0
- Outcome
- immatures of T. vaporariorume1
- Direction
- followed bye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by azadirachtin and mineral oil”
e1“abamectin resulted in the highest mean percent reduction in immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad had among the least efficacy against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume0pest
- Outcome
- efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad, Melia, and malathion (the insecticide-treated control) showed the least efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Melia had among the least efficacy against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Meliae0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume0pest
- Outcome
- efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad, Melia, and malathion (the insecticide-treated control) showed the least efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion had among the least efficacy against immature whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- malathione0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume0pest
- Outcome
- efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad, Melia, and malathion (the insecticide-treated control) showed the least efficacy against immatures of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Abamectin was highly effective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- abamectine0
- Outcome
- adult stagee0
- Direction
- most highly effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abamectin and acetamiprid were the most highly effective materials against the adult stage”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetamiprid was highly effective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- acetamipride0
- Outcome
- adult stagee0
- Direction
- most highly effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abamectin and acetamiprid were the most highly effective materials against the adult stage”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin moderately reduced adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Bifenthrine0
- Outcome
- adult whitefly populationse0
- Direction
- moderate reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bifenthrin, spinosad, azadirachtin, and buprofezin showed moderate reductions in adult whitefly populations”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad moderately reduced adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- spinosade0
- Outcome
- adult whitefly populationse0
- Direction
- moderate reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bifenthrin, spinosad, azadirachtin, and buprofezin showed moderate reductions in adult whitefly populations”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachtin moderately reduced adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- azadirachtine0
- Outcome
- adult whitefly populationse0
- Direction
- moderate reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bifenthrin, spinosad, azadirachtin, and buprofezin showed moderate reductions in adult whitefly populations”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Buprofezin moderately reduced adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- buprofezine0
- Outcome
- adult whitefly populationse0
- Direction
- moderate reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bifenthrin, spinosad, azadirachtin, and buprofezin showed moderate reductions in adult whitefly populations”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spiromesifen was among the least effective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spiromesifene0
- Interactor
- T. vaporariorumTrialeurodes vaporariorume0pest
- Outcome
- adult populations of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spiromesifen, mineral oil, Melia, and malathion were the least effective against adult populations of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral oil was among the least effective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- mineral oile0
- Outcome
- adult populations of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spiromesifen, mineral oil, Melia, and malathion were the least effective against adult populations of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Melia was among the least effective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Meliae0
- Outcome
- adult populations of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spiromesifen, mineral oil, Melia, and malathion were the least effective against adult populations of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion was among the least effective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- malathione0
- Outcome
- adult populations of T. vaporariorume0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spiromesifen, mineral oil, Melia, and malathion were the least effective against adult populations of T. vaporariorum”
t0“Tomatoes”
The same questions in other papers
spinosad · Trialeurodes vaporariorum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
malathion · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
azadirachtin · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →abamectin · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →spinosad · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →buprofezin · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
bifenthrin · control · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
abamectin · Trialeurodes vaporariorum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.