Abstract
Abstract The sustainability of rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is threatened by increasing labor, water, and energy crises in the region. Conservation RWCSs offers an ecofriendly alternate option. This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded aerobic rice (DSAR) and of rice residue mulch in no‐tilled wheat (NTW) on soil health, weed dynamics and system productivity. The experiment was composed of five RWCS systems: (i) DSAR‐NTW; (ii) DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW; (iii) DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch; (iv) puddled transplanted flooded rice (PudTR)‐NTW; and (v) PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat. Sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded rice decreased the weed density and dry biomass 41–56% and 62–75%, respectively, than the sole direct‐seeded rice crop. At rice harvest, better soil health, in terms of total nitrogen (N), soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen, was noted with DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW. Rice residue mulch retention in NTW decreased weed density and dry weight by 60 and 69%, respectively, than those under NTW with no mulch. At wheat harvest, highest total N, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass carbon were recorded with DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch, followed by DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW. Overall, NTW grown after DSAR + sesbania brown manuring produced more grain yield than PudTR‐NTW and PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat systems. In conclusion, sesbania brown manuring in DSAR and residue mulch retention in NTW may be opted to improve soil properties, suppress weeds, and to harvest better grain yield and achieve higher system productivity in conservation RWCSs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania brown manuring decreased weed density by 41–56% in direct-seeded rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Sesbania brown manuringe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 41–56%e0
- Comparator
- sole direct‐seeded rice crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded rice decreased the weed density and dry biomass 41–56% and 62–75%, respectively, than the sole direct‐seeded rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania brown manuring decreased weed dry biomass by 62–75% in direct-seeded rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Sesbania brown manuringe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 62–75%e0
- Comparator
- sole direct‐seeded rice crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded rice decreased the weed density and dry biomass 41–56% and 62–75%, respectively, than the sole direct‐seeded rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
At rice harvest, sesbania brown manuring had better soil nitrogen, carbon and microbial biomass measures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTWe0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen (N), soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil microbial biomass nitrogene0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At rice harvest, better soil health, in terms of total nitrogen (N), soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen, was noted with DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW”
t0“Rice–Wheat Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue mulch reduced weed density by 60% in no-tilled wheat.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Rice residue mulch retentione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60e0
- Comparator
- NTW with no mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice residue mulch retention in NTW decreased weed density and dry weight by 60 and 69%, respectively, than those under NTW with no mulch”
t0“Rice–Wheat Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue mulch reduced weed dry weight by 69% in no-tilled wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Rice residue mulch retentione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 69%e0
- Comparator
- NTW with no mulche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice residue mulch retention in NTW decreased weed density and dry weight by 60 and 69%, respectively, than those under NTW with no mulch”
t0“Rice–Wheat Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
At wheat harvest, the rice-residue mulch system had the highest soil nitrogen, carbon and microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulche0
- Outcome
- total N, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At wheat harvest, highest total N, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass carbon were recorded with DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch”
t0“Rice–Wheat Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tilled wheat after sesbania-manured direct-seeded rice produced more grain yield than either puddled-transplanted rice system.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DSAR + sesbania brown manuringe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- PudTR‐NTW and PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NTW grown after DSAR + sesbania brown manuring produced more grain yield than PudTR‐NTW and PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat systems”
t0“Rice–Wheat Systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sesbania brown manuring and rice residue mulch to improve soil, suppress weeds and raise yield and productivity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- sesbania brown manuring in DSAR and residue mulch retention in NTWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sesbania brown manuring in DSAR and residue mulch retention in NTW may be opted to improve soil properties, suppress weeds, and to harvest better grain yield and achieve higher system productivity”
t0“Rice–Wheat Systems”
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See all 68 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.