Abstract
Plants assimilate carbon in their photosynthetic tissues in the light. However, carbon is required during the night and in nonphotosynthetic organs. It is therefore essential that plants manage their carbon resources spatially and temporally and coordinate growth with carbon availability. In growing maize (Zea mays) leaf blades, a defined developmental gradient facilitates analyses in the cell division, elongation, and mature zones. We investigated the responses of the metabolome and transcriptome and polysome loading, as a qualitative proxy for protein synthesis, at dusk, dawn, and 6, 14, and 24 h into an extended night, and tracked whole-leaf elongation over this time course. Starch and sugars are depleted by dawn in the mature zone, but only after an extension of the night in the elongation and division zones. Sucrose (Suc) recovers partially between 14 and 24 h into the extended night in the growth zones, but not the mature zone. The global metabolome and transcriptome track these zone-specific changes in Suc. Leaf elongation and polysome loading in the growth zones also remain high at dawn, decrease between 6 and 14 h into the extended night, and then partially recover, indicating that growth processes are determined by local carbon status. The level of Suc-signaling metabolite trehalose-6-phosphate, and the trehalose-6-phosphate:Suc ratio are much higher in growth than mature zones at dusk and dawn but fall in the extended night. Candidate genes were identified by searching for transcripts that show characteristic temporal response patterns or contrasting responses to carbon starvation in growth and mature zones.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Starch and sugars were depleted by dawn in mature leaf zones.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starch and sugars are depleted by dawn in the mature zone”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch and sugars were depleted only after extended night in elongation and division zones.
Not reportedOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only after an extension of the night in the elongation and division zones”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose partly recovered from 14 to 24 hours of extended night in growth zones.
- Organ / stage
- growth zonese0
- Outcome
- Sucrose (Suc)e0
- Direction
- recovers partiallye0
- Qualifier
- between 14 and 24 h into the extended nighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sucrose (Suc) recovers partially between 14 and 24 h into the extended night in the growth zones”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose did not recover in the mature zone during extended night.
- Organ / stage
- mature zonee0
Not reportedOutcomeDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not the mature zone”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The global metabolome tracked zone-specific sucrose changes.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The global metabolome and transcriptome track these zone-specific changes in Suc”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The transcriptome tracked zone-specific sucrose changes.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The global metabolome and transcriptome track these zone-specific changes in Suc”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf elongation stayed high at dawn, fell from 6 to 14 hours of extended night, then partly recovered.
- Outcome
- Leaf elongatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- remain high at dawn, decrease between 6 and 14 h into the extended night, and then partially recovere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf elongation and polysome loading in the growth zones also remain high at dawn, decrease between 6 and 14 h into the extended night, and then partially recover”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Polysome loading in growth zones stayed high at dawn, fell from 6 to 14 hours, then partly recovered.
- Organ / stage
- growth zonese0
- Outcome
- polysome loadinge0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- remain high at dawn, decrease between 6 and 14 h into the extended night, and then partially recovere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf elongation and polysome loading in the growth zones also remain high at dawn, decrease between 6 and 14 h into the extended night, and then partially recover”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose-6-phosphate was much higher in growth than mature zones at dusk and dawn, then fell in extended night.
- Organ / stage
- growthe0
- Outcome
- trehalose-6-phosphatee0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- at dusk and dawn but fall in the extended nighte0
- Comparator
- mature zonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of Suc-signaling metabolite trehalose-6-phosphate, and the trehalose-6-phosphate:Suc ratio are much higher in growth than mature zones at dusk and dawn but fall in the extended night”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The trehalose-6-phosphate to sucrose ratio was higher in growth than mature zones and fell in extended night.
- Organ / stage
- growthe0
- Outcome
- trehalose-6-phosphate:Suc ratioe0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- at dusk and dawn but fall in the extended nighte0
- Comparator
- mature zonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of Suc-signaling metabolite trehalose-6-phosphate, and the trehalose-6-phosphate:Suc ratio are much higher in growth than mature zones at dusk and dawn but fall in the extended night”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Temporal or zone-contrasting carbon starvation responses identified candidate genes.
- Outcome
- Candidate genese0
- Qualifier
- characteristic temporal response patterns or contrasting responses to carbon starvatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Candidate genes were identified by searching for transcripts that show characteristic temporal response patterns or contrasting responses to carbon starvation in growth and mature zones”
t0“maize”