Abstract
Acute effects of high-nitrate/low-sulfate acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 3.0 were investigated on 3.5to 4-week-old Phaseolus lunatus L. in a series of replicated trials. After 24 hours, CO 2 assimilation rates of primary leaves were reduced by at least one-third by 3-hour fogs with a pH value of 2.5 as compared to control plants treated with a fog of pH 6.3. A 3-hour fog at pH 3.0 reduced C0 2 assimilation a minimum of 20%. Stomatal resistance increased in primary leaves of plants exposed to an acidic fog of pH 2.5 by > 37% compared to plants subjected to pH 6.3 fogs. StomataI resistances in leaves exposed to pH 3.0 fogs increased at least 27%. However, internal CO 2 concentrations were not significantly different between controland acidfogged plants at any pH. Standardizing plants for similar CO 2 assimilation rates allowed statistical separation of photosynthetically important variables as compared to unstandardized experimental designs with higher interplant variability. Methacrylate plastic sections of foliar lesions resulting from exposure to pH 2.0 fogs revealed that damage usually progressed vertically from the upper to lower epidermis. Xylem was less susceptible to damage than other tissues.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
A 3-hour pH 2.5 fog reduced primary-leaf CO2 assimilation by at least one-third after 24 hours versus pH 6.3 fog.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus lunatust0 - Organ / stage
- primary leavese0
- Treatment
- 3-hour fogs with a pH value of 2.5e0
- Outcome
- CO 2 assimilation ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- at least one-thirde0
- Qualifier
- After 24 hourse0
- Comparator
- control plants treated with a fog of pH 6.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 24 hours, CO 2 assimilation rates of primary leaves were reduced by at least one-third by 3-hour fogs with a pH value of 2.5 as compared to control plants treated with a fog of pH 6.3”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
A 3-hour fog at pH 3.0 reduced CO2 assimilation at least 20%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Treatment
- 3-hour fog at pH 3.0e0
- Outcome
- C0 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- a minimum of 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-hour fog at pH 3.0 reduced C0 2 assimilation a minimum of 20%”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
pH 2.5 acidic fog increased primary-leaf stomatal resistance by more than 37% relative to pH 6.3 fog.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Organ / stage
- primary leavese0
- Treatment
- an acidic fog of pH 2.5e0
- Outcome
- Stomatal resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- > 37%e0
- Comparator
- pH 6.3 fogse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal resistance increased in primary leaves of plants exposed to an acidic fog of pH 2.5 by > 37% compared to plants subjected to pH 6.3 fogs”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal resistance under pH 3.0 fog increased at least 27%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- pH 3.0 fogse0
- Outcome
- StomataI resistancese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- at least 27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“StomataI resistances in leaves exposed to pH 3.0 fogs increased at least 27%”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Internal CO2 concentrations did not differ significantly between control and acid-fogged plants at any pH.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Treatment
- acidfogged plantse0
- Outcome
- internal CO 2 concentrationse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Qualifier
- at any pHe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“internal CO 2 concentrations were not significantly different between controland acidfogged plants at any pH”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Standardizing by similar CO2 assimilation rates enabled statistical separation of photosynthetic variables relative to unstandardized designs.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Treatment
- Standardizing plants for similar CO 2 assimilation ratese0
- Outcome
- statistical separation of photosynthetically important variablese0
- Comparator
- unstandardized experimental designse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Standardizing plants for similar CO 2 assimilation rates allowed statistical separation of photosynthetically important variables as compared to unstandardized experimental designs with higher interplant variability”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Lesion damage after pH 2.0 fog usually progressed from upper to lower epidermis.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Organ / stage
- foliar lesionse0
- Treatment
- pH 2.0 fogse0
- Outcome
- damage usually progressed vertically from the upper to lower epidermise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar lesions resulting from exposure to pH 2.0 fogs revealed that damage usually progressed vertically from the upper to lower epidermis”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Xylem was less susceptible to fog damage than other tissues.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatusPhaseolus lunatust0
- Organ / stage
- Xyleme0
- Outcome
- susceptible to damagee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- other tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Xylem was less susceptible to damage than other tissues”
t0“Phaseolus lunatus”