Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha −1 ), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with 14 C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha- 1 ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
UAN with COC, NIS or MSO increased imazethapyr absorption by 38 to 68%.
- Taxon
- Leafy Spurge
Euphorbia esulat0 - Treatment
- UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSOe0
- Outcome
- Imazethapyr absorptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38 to 68%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO.”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Total imazethapyr absorption with COC, MSO or NIS exceeded 86% after UAN addition.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- UANe0
- Outcome
- Total absorption of imazethapyre0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 86%e0
- Qualifier
- 2 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added.”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN reduced imazethapyr in the cuticular wax by 2.0%.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Urea ammonium nitratee0
- Outcome
- amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular waxe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%.”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr absorption was similar on the two leaf surfaces without UAN.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial and adaxial leaf surfacee0
- Outcome
- Imazethapyr absorptione0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- when UAN was not addede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
With UAN and Sylgard 309, abaxial absorption exceeded adaxial absorption by 12%.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial leaf surfacee0
- Treatment
- UAN was combined with Sylgard 309e0
- Outcome
- imazethapyr was absorbede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- adaxial leaf surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309.”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D uptake ranged from 54 to 78%.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- Uptake of 2,4-De0
- Value
- 54 to 78%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78%”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D uptake was greatest with Silwet 408 and ADE40: Silwet L-77.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77e0
- Outcome
- Uptake of 2,4-De1
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77”
e1“Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78%”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Outcome
- Picloram absorptione0
- Value
- 3 to 19%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%.”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
Claim · model-written summary
Buffering picloram to pH 7 with ammonium sulfate increased absorption to 37%.
- Taxon
- Leafy SpurgeEuphorbia esulat0
- Treatment
- Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha- 1 ammonium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- picloram absorptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha- 1 ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.”
t0“Leafy Spurge”
The same questions in other papers
picloram · nutrient: content · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
ammonium sulfate · nutrient: content · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ph · nutrient: content · Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.