Abstract
Large-scale agriculture is increasing in anthropogenically modified areas in the Amazon Basin. Crops such as soybean, maize, oil palm, and others are being introduced to supply the world demand for food and energy. However, the current challenge is to enhance the sustainability of these areas by increasing efficiency of production chains and to improve environmental services. The Amazon Basin has experienced a paradigm shift away from the traditional slash-and-burn agricultural practices, which offers decision makers the opportunity to make innovative interventions to enhance the productivity in previously degraded areas by using trees to ecological advantage. This study describes a successful experiment integrating the production of soybean and paric (Glycine max L. and Schizolobium amazonicum) based on previous research that indicated potential topoclimatic zones for planting paric in the Brazilian state of Par. This paper shows that a no-tillage system reduces the effects of drought compared to conventional tillage still used by many farmers in the region. The integrated system was implemented during the 2014/2015 season in 234.6 ha in the high-potential zone in the municipality of Ulianpolis, Par. Both soybean and paric were planted simultaneously. Paric was planted in 5 m x 2 m inter-tree spacing totaling 228x10 3 trees per hectare and soybean, in 4 m x 100 m spacing, distributed in nine rows with a 0.45 m inter-row distance, occupying 80% of the area. The harvested soybean production was 3.4 t ha -1 , higher than other soybean monocultures in eastern Par. Paric benefited from soybean fertilization in the first year: It exhibited rapid development in height (3.26 m) and average diameter (3.85 cm). Trees and crop rotation over the following years is six years for forest species and one year for each crop. Our results confirm there are alternatives to the current production systems able to diminish negative impacts resulting from monoculture. In addition, the system provided environmental services such as reduced soil erosion and increased carbon stock by soil cover with no-tillage soybean cultivation. The soybean cover contributes to increased paric thermal regulation and lower forestry costs. We concluded that innovative interventions are important to show local farmers that it is possible to adapt an agroforest system to large-scale production, thus changing the Amazon.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced drought effects relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- no-tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- effects of droughte0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a no-tillage system reduces the effects of drought compared to conventional tillage”
t0“production of soybean and paric”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated soybean yielded 3.4 t ha -1, higher than monocultures in eastern Par.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- soybean productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.4 t ha -1e0
- Comparator
- other soybean monoculturese0
- Setting
- eastern Pare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The harvested soybean production was 3.4 t ha -1 , higher than other soybean monocultures in eastern Par.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paric reached 3.26 m in height in the first year, benefiting from soybean fertilization.
Verbatim
e0“Paric benefited from soybean fertilization in the first year: It exhibited rapid development in height (3.26 m) and average diameter (3.85 cm).”
Claim · model-written summary
Paric reached 3.85 cm average diameter in the first year.
Verbatim
e0“Paric benefited from soybean fertilization in the first year: It exhibited rapid development in height (3.26 m) and average diameter (3.85 cm).”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated system reduced adverse monoculture impacts.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- negative impacts resulting from monoculturee0
- Direction
- diminishe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternatives to the current production systems able to diminish negative impacts resulting from monoculture”
t0“production of soybean and paric”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage soybean cover reduced soil erosion.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soil cover with no-tillage soybean cultivatione0
- Outcome
- soil erosione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced soil erosion and increased carbon stock by soil cover with no-tillage soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage soybean cover increased soil carbon stock.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soil cover with no-tillage soybean cultivatione0
- Outcome
- carbon stocke0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced soil erosion and increased carbon stock by soil cover with no-tillage soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean cover increased thermal regulation for paric.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean cover contributes to increased paric thermal regulation and lower forestry costs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean cover lowered forestry costs.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean cover contributes to increased paric thermal regulation and lower forestry costs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded agroforestry could adapt to large scale production.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- adapt an agroforest system to large-scale productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is possible to adapt an agroforest system to large-scale production”
t0“production of soybean and paric”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · soil: chemistry · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
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See all 12 papers →tillage · soil: physics · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.