Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) protect host plants against a variety of environmental stresses, however our knowledge about the roles of DSE in improving drought tolerance of crops is poor. In this study, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was inoculated with a DSE strain (Exophiala pisciphila GM25) under two different soil water conditions (well-watered (WW), -0.11 MPa; drought-stressed (DS), -0.69 MPa) for one month. At the end of this experiment, sorghum roots were obviously colonized by DSE with 50.5%-62.5% colonization rate. When compared with non-inoculated seedlings under both WW and DS conditions, E. pisciphila-inoculated sorghum had greater plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII), and lower intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci). In addition, in comparison to noninoculation under DS conditions, E. pisciphila inoculation also improved the root dry weight, non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ), photochemical quenching values (qP), increased the content of related secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid and enhanced the enzymatic activities related to secondary metabolism, such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) in sorghum seedlings. Our results demonstrated that the drought resistance of sorghum seedlings were positively improved by E. pisciphila inoculation with better plant growth, gas exchange, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, secondary metabolites and enzyme activities related to secondary metabolism. Inoculation with E. pisciphila is an efficient strategy to survive for sorghum in drought environment.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
DSE colonized sorghum roots at 50.5%-62.5%.
SorghumNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sorghum roots were obviously colonized by DSE with 50.5%-62.5% colonization rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased sorghum height, collar diameter and shoot dry weight under both water regimes.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E. pisciphila-inoculated sorghum had greater plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight”
e1“When compared with non-inoculated seedlings under both WW and DS conditions, E. pisciphila-inoculated sorghum had greater plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII), and lower intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci).”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration under both water regimes.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila-inoculatede1
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae1symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E)e0
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E)”
t0“Sorghum”
e1“When compared with non-inoculated seedlings under both WW and DS conditions, E. pisciphila-inoculated sorghum had greater plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII), and lower intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci).”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased maximal PSII efficiency and actual quantum yield under both water regimes.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila-inoculatede1
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae1symbiont
- Outcome
- maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII)e0
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII)”
t0“Sorghum”
e1“When compared with non-inoculated seedlings under both WW and DS conditions, E. pisciphila-inoculated sorghum had greater plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII), and lower intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci).”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation lowered intercellular CO2 concentration under both water regimes.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila-inoculatede1
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae1symbiont
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci)”
t0“Sorghum”
e1“When compared with non-inoculated seedlings under both WW and DS conditions, E. pisciphila-inoculated sorghum had greater plant height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration rate (E), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield (PSII), and lower intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci).”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought stress inoculation improved root dry weight, NPQ and qP.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila inoculatione0
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae0symbiont
- Outcome
- root dry weight, non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ), photochemical quenching values (qP)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- noninoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E. pisciphila inoculation also improved the root dry weight, non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ), photochemical quenching values (qP)”
t0“Sorghum”
e1“In addition, in comparison to noninoculation under DS conditions, E. pisciphila inoculation also improved the root dry weight, non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ), photochemical quenching values (qP), increased the content of related secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid and enhanced the enzymatic activities related to secondary metabolism, such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) in sorghum seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought stress inoculation increased anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila inoculatione1
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae1symbiont
- Outcome
- content of related secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- noninoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the content of related secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid”
t0“Sorghum”
e1“In addition, in comparison to noninoculation under DS conditions, E. pisciphila inoculation also improved the root dry weight, non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ), photochemical quenching values (qP), increased the content of related secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid and enhanced the enzymatic activities related to secondary metabolism, such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) in sorghum seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought stress inoculation enhanced CAD, PAL and G-POD activities.
- Treatment
- E. pisciphila inoculatione1
- Interactor
- E. pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae1symbiont
- Outcome
- enzymatic activities related to secondary metabolisme0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- noninoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the enzymatic activities related to secondary metabolism, such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD)”
t0“Sorghum”
e1“In addition, in comparison to noninoculation under DS conditions, E. pisciphila inoculation also improved the root dry weight, non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ), photochemical quenching values (qP), increased the content of related secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid and enhanced the enzymatic activities related to secondary metabolism, such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) in sorghum seedlings.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · quality: phytochemicals · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
inoculation · physiology: enzyme activity · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · SorghumResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.