Abstract
Phytoextraction is a remediation strategy, which employs plants to remove heavy metals and other contaminants from the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) to grow under cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) stress and accumulate them in tissues. Pot trials were carried out under controlled environment conditions and were exposed to As (0, 6.5, 13 mM), Cd (0, 6.5, 13 mM) and As+Cd (0+0, 6.5+6.5, 13+13 mM) up to 60 days. In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined in 4 different stages of the biological cycle in different parts of plant. Under Cd treatment, the Cd concentration decreased in the roots while increased in the leaves over time. After 15 days of treatment, the plants treated with As, showed a severe reduction in the production of biomass. The growth is inhibited at high doses of this element and the plants died. The results show a rapid uptake of arsenic by the roots and its accumulation in the aerial parts of the plant. The As concentration in cardoon tissues increased with increasing As concentration. In the combined Cd and As treatments the plants improved resistance to As and Cd. The presence of Cd increased the ability of cardoon to translocate As from the root to the shoot. Also cardoon in Cd+As treatment was more tolerant to As (up to 45 days) compared to As alone and increased its ability to phytoextraction.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Under Cd treatment, root Cd concentration decreased over time.
- Taxon
- cardoon
Cynara cardunculuse1 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd treatment, the Cd concentration decreased in the roots while increased in the leaves over time.”
e1“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Cd treatment, leaf Cd concentration increased over time.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd treatment, the Cd concentration decreased in the roots while increased in the leaves over time.”
e1“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
As treatment severely reduced biomass after 15 days.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse1
- Treatment
- Ase0
- Outcome
- production of biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- After 15 days of treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 15 days of treatment, the plants treated with As, showed a severe reduction in the production of biomass.”
e1“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
High As doses inhibited growth.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse2
- Treatment
- Ase1
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- high dosese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth is inhibited at high doses of this element and the plants died.”
e1“the plants treated with As”
e2“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants died at high As doses.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse2
- Treatment
- Ase1
- Outcome
- plants diede0
- Qualifier
- high dosese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth is inhibited at high doses of this element and the plants died.”
e1“the plants treated with As”
e2“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon rapidly took up arsenic in roots and accumulated it in aerial parts.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse1
- Outcome
- rapid uptake of arsenic by the roots and its accumulation in the aerial parts of the plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results show a rapid uptake of arsenic by the roots and its accumulation in the aerial parts of the plant.”
e1“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon tissue As concentration rose with applied As concentration.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- increasing As concentratione0
- Outcome
- As concentration in cardoon tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The As concentration in cardoon tissues increased with increasing As concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cd and As treatment improved resistance to both elements.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse1
- Treatment
- combined Cd and As treatmentse0
- Outcome
- resistance to As and Cde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the combined Cd and As treatments the plants improved resistance to As and Cd.”
e1“In cardoon, the biomass production and Cd and As concentrations were determined”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd increased cardoon translocation of As from root to shoot.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- ability of cardoon to translocate As from the root to the shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of Cd increased the ability of cardoon to translocate As from the root to the shoot.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd plus As increased As tolerance up to 45 days compared with As alone.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Cd+As treatmente0
- Outcome
- tolerant to Ase0
- Direction
- more tolerante0
- Value
- up to 45 dayse0
- Comparator
- As alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cardoon in Cd+As treatment was more tolerant to As (up to 45 days) compared to As alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd plus As increased cardoon phytoextraction ability.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Cd+As treatmente0
- Outcome
- ability to phytoextractione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- As alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also cardoon in Cd+As treatment was more tolerant to As (up to 45 days) compared to As alone and increased its ability to phytoextraction.”
The same questions in other papers
arsenic atom · growth · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
arsenic atom · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · disease · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
arsenic atom · disease · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.