Abstract
BACKGROUND: The fight against grapevine diseases due to biotrophic pathogens usually requires the massive use of chemical fungicides with harmful environmental effects. An alternative strategy could be the use of compounds able to stimulate plant immune responses which significantly limit the development of pathogens in laboratory conditions. However, the efficiency of this strategy in natura is still insufficient to be included in pest management programs. To understand and to improve the mode of action of plant defense stimulators in the field, it is essential to develop reliable tools that describe the resistance status of the plant upon treatment. RESULTS: We have developed a pioneering tool ("NeoViGen96" chip) based on a microfluidic dynamic array platform allowing the expression profiling of 85 defense-related grapevine genes in 90 cDNA preparations in a 4 h single run. Two defense inducers, benzothiadiazole (BTH) and fosetyl-aluminum (FOS), have been tested in natura using the "NeoViGen96" chip as well as their efficacy against downy mildew. BTH-induced grapevine resistance is accompanied by the induction of PR protein genes (PR1, PR2 and PR3), genes coding key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway (PAL and STS), a GST gene coding an enzyme involved in the redox status and an ACC gene involved in the ethylene pathway. FOS, a phosphonate known to possess a toxic activity against pathogens and an inducing effect on defense genes provided a better grapevine protection than BTH. Its mode of action was probably strictly due to its fungicide effect at high concentrations because treatment did not induce significant change in the expression level of selected defense-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: The NeoViGen96" chip assesses the effectiveness of plant defense inducers on grapevine in vineyard with an excellent reproducibility. A single run with this system (4 h and 1,500 €), corresponds to 180 qPCR plates with conventional Q-PCR assays (Stragene system, 270 h and 9,000 €) thus a throughput 60-70 times higher and 6 times cheaper. Grapevine responses after BTH elicitation in the vineyard were similar to those obtained in laboratory conditions, whereas our results suggest that the protective effect of FOS against downy mildew in the vineyard was only due to its fungicide activity since no activity on plant defense genes was observed. This tool provides better understanding of how the grapevine replies to elicitation in its natural environment and how the elicitor potential can be used to reduce chemical fungicide inputs.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NeoViGen96 profiles 85 grapevine defense genes across 90 preparations in four hours.
- Outcome
- expression profilinge0
- Value
- 85 defense-related grapevine genes in 90 cDNA preparations in a 4 h single rune0
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“allowing the expression profiling of 85 defense-related grapevine genes in 90 cDNA preparations in a 4 h single run”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH induced grapevine PR1, PR2 and PR3 genes.
- Treatment
- BTHe0
- Gene
- PR protein genes (PR1, PR2 and PR3)e0
- Outcome
- PR protein genes (PR1, PR2 and PR3)e0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BTH-induced grapevine resistance is accompanied by the induction of PR protein genes (PR1, PR2 and PR3)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH induced PAL and STS genes.
- Treatment
- BTHe0
- Gene
- PAL and STSe0
- Outcome
- genes coding key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway (PAL and STS)e0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BTH-induced grapevine resistance is accompanied by the induction of PR protein genes (PR1, PR2 and PR3), genes coding key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway (PAL and STS)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH induced a GST gene.
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a GST gene coding an enzyme involved in the redox status”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH induced an ACC gene.
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an ACC gene involved in the ethylene pathway”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
FOS protected grapevine better than BTH.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FOS, a phosphonate known to possess a toxic activity against pathogens and an inducing effect on defense genes provided a better grapevine protection than BTH”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
FOS did not significantly change selected defense-related gene expression.
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- expression level of selected defense-related genese0
- Direction
- did not induce significant changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment did not induce significant change in the expression level of selected defense-related genes”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
The chip assessed inducer effects in vineyards with excellent reproducibility.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chip assesses the effectiveness of plant defense inducers on grapevine in vineyard with an excellent reproducibility”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
The chip had 60–70 times the throughput of conventional Q-PCR assays.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a throughput 60-70 times higher”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
The chip was six times cheaper than conventional Q-PCR assays.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6 times cheaper”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH-elicited vineyard responses resembled laboratory responses.
- Treatment
- BTH elicitatione0
- Outcome
- Grapevine responsese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- laboratory conditionse0
- Setting
- vineyarde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grapevine responses after BTH elicitation in the vineyard were similar to those obtained in laboratory conditions”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
FOS protection against downy mildew was interpreted as fungicidal because it did not activate defense genes.
- Treatment
- FOSe0
- Outcome
- protective effect of FOS against downy mildewe0
- Qualifier
- fungicide activitye0
- Setting
- vineyarde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protective effect of FOS against downy mildew in the vineyard was only due to its fungicide activity since no activity on plant defense genes was observed”
t0“grapevine”
The same questions in other papers
acibenzolar-S-methyl · molecular: expression · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.