Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit production in Kenya is seasonal with peak and off seasons – one of the contributing factors to postharvest losses. Off-season flower induction is a strategy that can be used to address mango seasonality. Manipulation of mango trees to produce an off-season crop can be achieved through application of flower induction chemicals. In the present study, the two flower induction chemicals, potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) and ethephon were evaluated on two mango varieties: ‘Apple’ and ‘Ngowe’. The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Kenya namely, Embu County (a high potential AEZ) and Makueni County (a low potential AEZ). The age of the trees used in the experiment were of similar size and vigor with an average age of 6 to 8 years. Potassium nitrate was applied at two concentrations (2 and 4%), while ethephon was applied at three concentrations (300, 600 and 1000ppm) and compared to a control (water). Prior to spraying, 100 terminal shoots were marked randomly on each tree for percentage flowering determination. After inflorescence development, 20 panicles per tree were marked randomly on each tree to monitor fruit set. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and three trees per treatment. Effect of the treatments was established from reproductive growth parameters including days to flowering and fruit set, number of panicles per tree and average fruit set per 20 panicles. Potassium (4%) increased percentage flowering (% of tagged shoots) in both ‘Ngowe’ and ‘Apple’ in both AEZs. In Embu, 4% KNO 3 resulted in 46% flowering in ‘Ngowe’ compared to 4% in ‘Apple’. On the contrary, in Makueni, the response was greater in ‘Apple’ (60%) compared to ‘Ngowe’ (27%). Response to ethephon increased with concentration with the 1000 ppm giving the best response; 22 and 28% flowering (% of tagged shoots) for Embu and Makueni, respectively, in ‘Ngowe’. In both AEZs and varieties, flowering was d” 3% in untreated controls. Time to flowering was significantly shortened by both KNO 3 and ethephon treatments with ‘Ngowe’ being more responsive than ‘Apple’. Significant treatment effect (pd” 0.05) was observed on fruit set with 4% KNO 3 and 1000 ppm ethephon resulting in the highest fruit set in both AEZs and varieties. The findings reveal the potential of KNO 3 and ethephon to induce off-season flowering in ‘Apple’ and ‘Ngowe’. Further studies are on course to optimize the treatments for commercial application.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent potassium nitrate increased flowering in both mango varieties and zones.
- Taxon
- mango
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Mangifera indicat0 - Material
- ‘Ngowe’ and ‘Apple’e0
- Treatment
- Potassium (4%)e0
- Outcome
- percentage floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Potassium (4%) increased percentage flowering (% of tagged shoots) in both ‘Ngowe’ and ‘Apple’ in both AEZs.”
t0“mango”
Claim · model-written summary
In Embu, 4% KNO 3 yielded 46% flowering in Ngowe.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Material
- ‘Ngowe’e0
- Treatment
- 4% KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- ‘Apple’e0
- Setting
- Embue0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Embu, 4% KNO 3 resulted in 46% flowering in ‘Ngowe’ compared to 4% in ‘Apple’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
In Embu, Apple had 4% flowering under 4% KNO 3.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Material
- ‘Apple’e0
- Treatment
- 4% KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Comparator
- ‘Ngowe’e0
- Setting
- Embue0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Embu, 4% KNO 3 resulted in 46% flowering in ‘Ngowe’ compared to 4% in ‘Apple’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
In Makueni, Apple had 60% flowering under 4% KNO 3.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Material
- ‘Apple’e0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- ‘Ngowe’e0
- Setting
- Makuenie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in Makueni, the response was greater in ‘Apple’ (60%) compared to ‘Ngowe’ (27%).”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
In Makueni, Ngowe had 27% flowering under 4% KNO 3.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Material
- ‘Ngowe’e0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- ‘Apple’e0
- Setting
- Makuenie0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in Makueni, the response was greater in ‘Apple’ (60%) compared to ‘Ngowe’ (27%).”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering response increased with ethephon concentration.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- Response to ethephone0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Response to ethephon increased with concentration with the 1000 ppm giving the best response”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1000 ppm ethephon, Ngowe flowering was 22% in Embu.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“22 and 28% flowering (% of tagged shoots) for Embu and Makueni, respectively, in ‘Ngowe’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1000 ppm ethephon, Ngowe flowering was 28% in Makueni.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“22 and 28% flowering (% of tagged shoots) for Embu and Makueni, respectively, in ‘Ngowe’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated controls flowered at d” 3% across zones and varieties.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- untreated controlse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Value
- d” 3%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both AEZs and varieties, flowering was d” 3% in untreated controls.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
KNO 3 significantly shortened time to flowering.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- Time to floweringe0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time to flowering was significantly shortened by both KNO 3 and ethephon treatments with ‘Ngowe’ being more responsive than ‘Apple’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon significantly shortened time to flowering.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- Time to floweringe0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time to flowering was significantly shortened by both KNO 3 and ethephon treatments with ‘Ngowe’ being more responsive than ‘Apple’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Ngowe was more responsive than Apple in flowering time.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Ngowe’ being more responsive than ‘Apple’.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent KNO 3 gave the highest fruit set in both zones and varieties.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 4% KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant treatment effect (pd” 0.05) was observed on fruit set with 4% KNO 3 and 1000 ppm ethephon resulting in the highest fruit set in both AEZs and varieties.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
One thousand ppm ethephon gave the highest fruit set in both zones and varieties.
- Taxon
- MangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 1000 ppm ethephone0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant treatment effect (pd” 0.05) was observed on fruit set with 4% KNO 3 and 1000 ppm ethephon resulting in the highest fruit set in both AEZs and varieties.”
t0“Mango”
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