Abstract
Core Ideas Two‐year study evaluating high biomass sorghum yield response to a broad range of N treatments. A minimal N fertilizer rate of 56 kg ha −1 is needed to increase average ethanol yield to 5519 L ha −1 , with no additional yield benefit at greater N rates. Yields were limited by varying environmental conditions and delayed planting. Nitrogen recovery efficiency were greatest at low N rates, but N use efficiency more stable across N rates, but greatly impacted by environment. High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs. However, little is known about the yield response, N uptake, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) of high biomass sorghum (HBS) at varying N fertilization rates when grown for lignocellulosic ethanol. The objectives of this 2‐yr study were to determine the effect of five N rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224 kg N ha −1 ) on the dry matter (DM) yield and lignocellulosic ethanol yield (LEY), and the NRE and NUE of two HBS varieties in the midwestern United States. The two varieties responded similarly for most measured parameters. Total DM yield averaged 13.1 Mg ha −1 and estimated LEY averaged 5519 L ha −1 across N rates when grown in central Missouri. Nitrogen rates between 56 and 224 kg N ha −1 resulted in similar DM yield and LEY in 2010, and there were no yield differences among N rates ranging from 0 to 224 kg N ha −1 in 2011. The greatest N removal in DM was at or above 56 kg N ha −1 . Nitrogen recovery efficiency and NUE differed by year, where low rainfall and a shortened growing season in the second year resulted in reduced NRE and NUE. Lack of NUE and DM yield differences at N rates above 56 kg N ha −1 indicates the potential for producing high biomass sorghum with minimal amounts of fertilizer N in the Midwest.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
A minimal N fertilizer rate of 56 kg ha-1 increased average ethanol yield to 5519 L ha-1, with no added benefit at greater N rates.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolore1 - Treatment
- A minimal N fertilizer rate of 56 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- average ethanol yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5519 L ha −1e0
- Comparator
- greater N ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e0“A minimal N fertilizer rate of 56 kg ha −1 is needed to increase average ethanol yield to 5519 L ha −1 , with no additional yield benefit at greater N rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter yield averaged 13.1 Mg ha-1 across N rates in central Missouri.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Outcome
- Total DM yielde2
- Value
- 13.1 Mg ha −1e2
- Qualifier
- across N ratese2
- Setting
- central Missourie2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e2“Total DM yield averaged 13.1 Mg ha −1 and estimated LEY averaged 5519 L ha −1 across N rates when grown in central Missouri”
Claim · model-written summary
N rates from 56 to 224 kg N ha-1 gave similar dry matter yield and ethanol yield in 2010.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- Nitrogen rates between 56 and 224 kg N ha −1e3
- Outcome
- DM yield and LEYe3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Qualifier
- in 2010e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e3“Nitrogen rates between 56 and 224 kg N ha −1 resulted in similar DM yield and LEY in 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
N rates from 0 to 224 kg N ha-1 gave no yield differences in 2011.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- N rates ranging from 0 to 224 kg N ha −1e4
- Outcome
- yield differencese4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Qualifier
- in 2011e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e4“there were no yield differences among N rates ranging from 0 to 224 kg N ha −1 in 2011”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest N removal in dry matter was at or above 56 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- at or above 56 kg N ha −1e5
- Outcome
- N removal in DMe5
- Direction
- greateste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e5“The greatest N removal in DM was at or above 56 kg N ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Low rainfall and a shortened growing season in the second year reduced NRE and NUE.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- low rainfall and a shortened growing seasone6
- Outcome
- NRE and NUEe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Setting
- second yeare6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e6“Nitrogen recovery efficiency and NUE differed by year, where low rainfall and a shortened growing season in the second year resulted in reduced NRE and NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen recovery efficiency was greatest at low N rates.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- low N ratese7
- Outcome
- Nitrogen recovery efficiencye7
- Direction
- greateste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e7“Nitrogen recovery efficiency were greatest at low N rates”
Claim · model-written summary
N use efficiency was more stable across N rates than nitrogen recovery efficiency but was greatly affected by environment.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye7
- Direction
- more stablee7
- Qualifier
- greatly impacted by environmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e7“N use efficiency more stable across N rates, but greatly impacted by environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Lack of NUE and yield differences above 56 kg N ha-1 indicates potential for producing high biomass sorghum with minimal N fertilizer.
Verbatim
e7“Lack of NUE and DM yield differences at N rates above 56 kg N ha −1 indicates the potential for producing high biomass sorghum with minimal amounts of fertilizer N in the Midwest”
Claim · model-written summary
The two sorghum varieties responded similarly for most measured parameters.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolore1
- Material
- The two varietiese7
- Outcome
- measured parameterse7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Qualifier
- for moste7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“High biomass sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] could potentially produce high yields in the midwestern United States with minimal fertilizer inputs”
e7“The two varieties responded similarly for most measured parameters”
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