Abstract
Plant immunity is usually initiated with two types of immune receptors: 1) pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved molecular features of pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and trigger PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and; 2) nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) serve as intracellular immune receptors with the ability to recognize the presence of relatively diverse pathogen effectors and trigger ETI (effector-triggered immunity). The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1 contains a gain-of-function mutation in a Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR)-type NLR (TNL) gene and displays a dwarf morphology. Here, I report on the results of a snc1-influencing plant E3 ligase reverse genetic (SNIPER) screen that looked for snc1 plants with altered dwarfism in the presence of overexpressed E3 ligases. Six SNIPER genes were identified with four snc1-suppressors and two snc1-enhancers. SNIPER1/2/3 were selected for further characterization. The analysis of SNIPER1/2 is incomplete, thus is not included in this thesis. Chapter 3 describes SNIPER3, previously known as SAUL1 (Senescence-Associated E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1) or PUB44 (Plant U-box 44), which encodes a U-box-type E3 ligase. Our data suggests that SAUL1 plays a dual role in plant immunity: on one hand, SAUL1 positively regulates basal resistance; on the other hand, SAUL1 suppresses a typical TNL immune receptor SUSA1 (Suppressor of saul1) to prevent its autoimmunity. ADR1, ADR1-L1 and ADR1-L2 are three homologous coiled-coil (CC)-type NLRs (CNLs), which were previously shown to work as helper NLRs. Chapter 4 further explores the specificity of the genetic requirement of ADR1s for typical TNLs, SNC1 and CHS2 (CHILLING SENSITIVE 2). Among the three ADR1 members, ADR1 is the leading contributor while ADR1-L1 is the least. Moreover, loss-of-function mutation of ADR1-L1 leads to over compensation of the transcript expression level of ADR1 and ADR1-L2 and results in the enhancement of snc1-mediated immunity. Overall, the studies I completed as part of my Ph.D. thesis expand our knowledge of the roles of E3 ligases and ADR1s in plant defense and help us to better understand the sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of plant innate immunity.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Six SNIPER genes were identified, four suppressing and two enhancing snc1 dwarfism.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Gene
- SNIPERe0
- Outcome
- Six SNIPER genese0
- Value
- Sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six SNIPER genes were identified with four snc1-suppressors and two snc1-enhancers”
t0“Identification and analysis of E3 ligases and helper NLRs in plant immunity”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1”
Claim · model-written summary
SAUL1 positively regulates basal resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- SAUL1e0
- Outcome
- basal resistancee0
- Direction
- positively regulatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAUL1 positively regulates basal resistance”
t0“Identification and analysis of E3 ligases and helper NLRs in plant immunity”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1”
Claim · model-written summary
SAUL1 suppresses SUSA1 to prevent autoimmunity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- SAUL1e0
- Outcome
- autoimmunitye0
- Direction
- suppressese0
- Qualifier
- SUSA1 (Suppressor of saul1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAUL1 suppresses a typical TNL immune receptor SUSA1 (Suppressor of saul1) to prevent its autoimmunity”
t0“Identification and analysis of E3 ligases and helper NLRs in plant immunity”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1”
Claim · model-written summary
ADR1 contributed most and ADR1-L1 least among three ADR1 members.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- ADR1e0
- Outcome
- leading contributore0
- Comparator
- ADR1-L1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the three ADR1 members, ADR1 is the leading contributor while ADR1-L1 is the least”
t0“Identification and analysis of E3 ligases and helper NLRs in plant immunity”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1”
Claim · model-written summary
ADR1-L1 loss of function overcompensated ADR1 and ADR1-L2 transcript expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- loss-of-function mutation of ADR1-L1e0
- Gene
- ADR1-L1e0
- Outcome
- transcript expression level of ADR1 and ADR1-L2e0
- Direction
- over compensatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“loss-of-function mutation of ADR1-L1 leads to over compensation of the transcript expression level of ADR1 and ADR1-L2”
t0“Identification and analysis of E3 ligases and helper NLRs in plant immunity”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1”
Claim · model-written summary
ADR1-L1 loss of function enhanced snc1-mediated immunity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- loss-of-function mutation of ADR1-L1e0
- Gene
- ADR1-L1e0
- Outcome
- snc1-mediated immunitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“loss-of-function mutation of ADR1-L1 leads to over compensation of the transcript expression level of ADR1 and ADR1-L2 and results in the enhancement of snc1-mediated immunity”
t0“Identification and analysis of E3 ligases and helper NLRs in plant immunity”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant snc1”
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