Abstract
The effects of sowing depth (10, 30 or 60 mm) and additional nitrogen (0, 50 or 100 kg N ha- 1) on emergence and establishment of autumn sown (10 March 1992) prairie grass (Bromus wildenowii Kunth., mean seed weight 12.0 mg), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., 5.0 mg), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., 2.3 mg), perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L., 1.8 mg), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L., 1.5 mg), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L., 0.8 mg) and timothy (Phleum pratense L., 0.3 mg) were examined. Addition of 50 or 100 kg N ha- 1 did not affect emergence percentage (plant number on 10 May 1992 as a percentage of seed sown) or establishment percentage (plant number on 12 November 1992 as a percentage of seed sown) of any of the grasses. At all sowing depths, emergence percentage for the different species was positively correlated (correlation coefficient= 65 - 83%) with mean seed weight. For all species, emergence percentage decreased with increased sowing depth but the magnitude of this decrease was ·greater with smaller seeded grasses. In general, percentage survival of emerged plants over winter increased with increased sowing depth. Despite this, establishment percentage was similar to emergence percentage in that it was positively correlated (correlation coefficient= 50- 67%) with mean seed weight at all sowing depths and in general decreased with increased sowing depth. Species and depth effects on emergence from 10 and 30 mm sowing depths under controlled environment conditions were similar to those in the field. Inclusion of 5 mol m·3 nitrate in the nutrient medium did not affect emergence percentage at 10 mm sowing depth but decreased emergence percentage by 15% at 30 mm sowing depth.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Additional nitrogen did not affect grass emergence or establishment percentages.
- Taxon
- grassese0
- Treatment
- 50 or 100 kg N ha- 1e0
- Outcome
- emergence percentage (plant number on 10 May 1992 as a percentage of seed sown) or establishment percentage (plant number on 12 November 1992 as a percentage of seed sown)e0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Addition of 50 or 100 kg N ha- 1 did not affect emergence percentage (plant number on 10 May 1992 as a percentage of seed sown) or establishment percentage (plant number on 12 November 1992 as a percentage of seed sown) of any of the grasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass emergence percentage correlated positively with mean seed weight at all depths.
Verbatim
e0“At all sowing depths, emergence percentage for the different species was positively correlated (correlation coefficient= 65 - 83%) with mean seed weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Emergence percentage fell as sowing depth increased, more strongly for smaller seeded grasses.
- Taxon
- all speciese0
- Treatment
- increased sowing depthe0
- Outcome
- emergence percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- ·greater with smaller seeded grassese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“For all species, emergence percentage decreased with increased sowing depth but the magnitude of this decrease was ·greater with smaller seeded grasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival of emerged plants over winter generally rose with sowing depth.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- increased sowing depthe0
- Outcome
- percentage survival of emerged plants over wintere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In general, percentage survival of emerged plants over winter increased with increased sowing depth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass establishment percentage was positively correlated with mean seed weight across depths.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“establishment percentage was similar to emergence percentage in that it was positively correlated (correlation coefficient= 50- 67%) with mean seed weight at all sowing depths”
Claim · model-written summary
Establishment percentage generally fell as sowing depth increased.
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Verbatim
e0“For all species, emergence percentage decreased with increased sowing depth”
e1“and in general decreased with increased sowing depth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Species and depth effects on emergence at 10 and 30 mm were similar under controlled and field conditions.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Species and depth effects on emergence from 10 and 30 mm sowing depths under controlled environment conditions were similar to those in the field.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate did not affect emergence at 10 mm depth.
- Treatment
- 5 mol m·3 nitratee0
- Outcome
- emergence percentagee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- 10 mm sowing depthe0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inclusion of 5 mol m·3 nitrate in the nutrient medium did not affect emergence percentage at 10 mm sowing depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate decreased emergence percentage by 15% at 30 mm depth.
- Treatment
- 5 mol m·3 nitratee0
- Outcome
- emergence percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Qualifier
- 30 mm sowing depthe0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inclusion of 5 mol m·3 nitrate in the nutrient medium did not affect emergence percentage at 10 mm sowing depth but decreased emergence percentage by 15% at 30 mm sowing depth”