Abstract
Chlormequat chloride (CCC) is used to inhibit extension growth in cereals and promote branching and flowering in potted ornamental plants produced in greenhouses; however, experimental data on the use of CCC in field sunflower are limited. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of foliar applications of CCC at rates of 3,000 gha-1 (single application) and 3,000 plus 3,000 g ha-1 (double application) on the morphology and productivity of sunflower plants. CCC provoked some foliar injury on sunflower plants within a week after application, but the effect was transient; the symptoms were reduced over time and the plants recovered completely. Single application of CCC did not provide significant height reduction of sunflower plants as opposed to double application, which reduced plant height at maturity by 12.7% (or by 43.4 cm). Both application schemes promoted flowering and induced the production of more achenes, but finally resulted in reduced achene yield per plant by 17.8% and 20.3%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control. The achene yield reduction resulted by the reduction in the 100-achene weight. The study provides new evidence that allow a better understanding of the mode of action of CCC in sunflower. Overall, the foliar applications of CCC at the rates tested in this study either did not provide any advantage in terms of height reduction of sunflower plants or the height reduction achieved was accompanied by significant reduction in achene yield. On the basis of all the above, CCC does not appear to be a suitable growth regulator for the control of plant height in sunflower.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
CCC caused transient foliar injury that resolved.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- foliar injurye0
- Qualifier
- within a week after applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CCC provoked some foliar injury on sunflower plants within a week after application, but the effect was transient; the symptoms were reduced over time and the plants recovered completely.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
A single CCC application did not significantly reduce sunflower height.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Single application of CCCe0
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Direction
- did not providee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single application of CCC did not provide significant height reduction of sunflower plants as opposed to double application, which reduced plant height at maturity by 12.7% (or by 43.4 cm).”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Double CCC application reduced mature sunflower height by 12.7%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- at maturitye0
- Treatment
- double applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double application, which reduced plant height at maturity by 12.7% (or by 43.4 cm).”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
A single CCC application promoted flowering.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- application schemese0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both application schemes promoted flowering and induced the production of more achenes”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC application increased achene number.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- application schemese0
- Outcome
- production of more achenese0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both application schemes promoted flowering and induced the production of more achenes”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
A single CCC application reduced achene yield per plant by 17.8% against untreated plants.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- achene yield per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.8%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in reduced achene yield per plant by 17.8% and 20.3%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
A double CCC application reduced achene yield per plant by 20.3% against untreated plants.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- achene yield per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20.3%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in reduced achene yield per plant by 17.8% and 20.3%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
CCC application reduced 100-achene weight.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- 100-achene weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The achene yield reduction resulted by the reduction in the 100-achene weight.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that CCC is unsuitable for control of sunflower height.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- CCCe0
- Outcome
- control of plant heighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CCC does not appear to be a suitable growth regulator for the control of plant height in sunflower.”
The same questions in other papers
chlormequat chloride · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.