Abstract
One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Growers commonly use abamectin, spinosad, and cyromazine to manage L. trifolii populations; however, the biological insecticide azadirachtin and the fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize offer promising alternatives. We tested the effectiveness of these five insecticides for controlling L. trifolii under field conditions in southern Florida. Abamectin and spinosad were generally the most effective for reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupae. Cyromazine and azadirachtin were less effective than abamectin or spinosad, although better than I. fumosorosea or the untreated control. Isaria fumosorosea was the least promising treatment; however, it still performed better than the control in reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupae. As pesticide effectiveness increased, differences in numbers of mines, larvae, and pupae appeared to be reduced among the 5 dates that pesticides were sprayed. Overall, mines appeared to be more effectively controlled 1 to 2 d after treatment than after 7 d, whereas larvae and pupae were controlled equally throughout the period. The pesticides employed can be classified into 3 general groups based on modes of action: abamectin and spinosad (disrupters of insect neural and muscular systems), cyromazine and azadirachtin (disrupters of molting), and I. fumosorosea (invades the insect, produces a toxin, and halts feeding). Pesticides with at least two modes of action were each able to provide effective control. Alternating pesticides may therefore control L. trifolii while limiting the development of resistance in L. trifolii populations.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Abamectin was generally the most effective insecticide for reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae and pupae on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Abamectine1
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifolii
Liriomyza trifoliie0pest - Outcome
- L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupaee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e1“Abamectin and spinosad were generally the most effective for reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupae”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad was generally the most effective insecticide for reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae and pupae on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- spinosade1
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupaee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e1“Abamectin and spinosad were generally the most effective for reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupae”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyromazine was less effective than abamectin or spinosad at controlling L. trifolii on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Cyromazinee2
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- abamectin or spinosade2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e2“Cyromazine and azadirachtin were less effective than abamectin or spinosad, although better than I. fumosorosea or the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachtin was less effective than abamectin or spinosad at controlling L. trifolii on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- azadirachtine2
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Comparator
- abamectin or spinosade2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e2“Cyromazine and azadirachtin were less effective than abamectin or spinosad, although better than I. fumosorosea or the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyromazine was more effective than Isaria fumosorosea or the untreated control at controlling L. trifolii on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Cyromazinee2
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- I. fumosorosea or the untreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e2“Cyromazine and azadirachtin were less effective than abamectin or spinosad, although better than I. fumosorosea or the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachtin was more effective than Isaria fumosorosea or the untreated control at controlling L. trifolii on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- azadirachtine2
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- I. fumosorosea or the untreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e2“Cyromazine and azadirachtin were less effective than abamectin or spinosad, although better than I. fumosorosea or the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Isaria fumosorosea was the least promising treatment against L. trifolii on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Isaria fumosoroseae3
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Second interactor
- Isaria fumosoroseae3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- promisinge3
- Direction
- leaste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e3“Isaria fumosorosea was the least promising treatment; however, it still performed better than the control in reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupae”
Claim · model-written summary
Isaria fumosorosea reduced L. trifolii mines, larvae and pupae on snap beans better than the untreated control, although less than the other treatments.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Isaria fumosoroseae3
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Second interactor
- Isaria fumosoroseae3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mines, larvae, and/or pupaee3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Comparator
- the controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e3“Isaria fumosorosea was the least promising treatment; however, it still performed better than the control in reducing L. trifolii mines, larvae, and/or pupae”
Claim · model-written summary
Mines were more effectively controlled 1 to 2 days after treatment than after 7 days.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- minese5
- Direction
- more effectively controllede5
- Qualifier
- 1 to 2 d after treatmente5
- Comparator
- after 7 de5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e5“Overall, mines appeared to be more effectively controlled 1 to 2 d after treatment than after 7 d, whereas larvae and pupae were controlled equally throughout the period”
Claim · model-written summary
Larvae and pupae were controlled equally throughout the period.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- larvae and pupaee5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
- Qualifier
- throughout the periode5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e5“Overall, mines appeared to be more effectively controlled 1 to 2 d after treatment than after 7 d, whereas larvae and pupae were controlled equally throughout the period”
Claim · model-written summary
As pesticide effectiveness increased, differences in numbers of mines, larvae and pupae appeared to be reduced among the five spray dates.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- differences in numbers of mines, larvae, and pupaee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- As pesticide effectiveness increasede4
- Comparator
- among the 5 datese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e4“As pesticide effectiveness increased, differences in numbers of mines, larvae, and pupae appeared to be reduced among the 5 dates that pesticides were sprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticides with at least two modes of action were each able to provide effective control of L. trifolii on snap beans.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Pesticides with at least two modes of actione6
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- effective controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e6“Pesticides with at least two modes of action were each able to provide effective control”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating pesticides may control L. trifolii on snap beans while limiting the development of resistance.
- Taxon
- snap beanse0
- Treatment
- Alternating pesticidese7
- Interactor
- Liriomyza trifoliiLiriomyza trifoliie0pest
- Outcome
- limiting the development of resistancee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One of the most troublesome pests of snap beans is the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)”
e7“Alternating pesticides may therefore control L. trifolii while limiting the development of resistance in L. trifolii populations”
The same questions in other papers
spinosad · Liriomyza trifolii · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cyromazine · Liriomyza trifolii · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
azadirachtin · Liriomyza trifolii · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
abamectin · Liriomyza trifolii · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.