Abstract
Ethephon drenches have been reported to effectively control growth of containerized bedding plants. However, previous researchers have indicated that the effects of ethephon drenches on growth and flowering may differ depending on the timing of applications. Our objectives were to quantify the effects of ethephon concentration, timing of substrate drench application, and their interaction on the growth, size, and flowering of two annual bedding plants. Angelonia ( Angelonia angustifolia ) and geranium ( Pelargonium × hortorum ), seedlings were planted in 10.2-cm-diameter containers filled with a commercial, soilless growing substrate composed of (by vol.) 75% sphagnum peatmoss, and 25% perlite. Five, 10, 15, or 20 days after transplanting seedlings, 70-mL aliquots containing 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg·L −1 ethephon were applied as substrate drenches. Species varied in their growth and flowering responses to ethephon concentration, drench application timing, and their interaction. For angelonia, flowering was delayed most with early applications and high concentrations, and delay was diminished with later applications. Angelonia height was unaffected by late applications, though lateral growth was suppressed 20 days after transplant with 200 mg·L −1 ethephon. Flowering of geranium was only delayed when ethephon was applied 5 days after transplanting, whereas flowering, vegetative height, and shoot dry weight were affected more by earlier applications and higher concentrations. Width and root weight were only affected by ethephon concentration, with growth suppression increasing as concentrations increased. Ethephon is an effective growth regulator when applied as a substrate drench. However, the degree of activity and resulting impact on flowering, size, and growth is influenced by the interaction between ethephon concentrations and the timing of drench applications after transplanting.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Angelonia flowering was delayed most by early high-concentration ethephon applications, with less delay after later applications.
- Treatment
- early applications and high concentrationse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- later applicationse0
AngeloniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For angelonia, flowering was delayed most with early applications and high concentrations, and delay was diminished with later applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late ethephon applications did not affect angelonia height.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Angelonia height was unaffected by late applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon at 200 mg·L −1 suppressed angelonia lateral growth 20 days after transplant.
- Treatment
- 200 mg·L −1 ethephone0
- Outcome
- lateral growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- 20 days after transplante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lateral growth was suppressed 20 days after transplant with 200 mg·L −1 ethephon”
t0“Concentration and Timing of Ethephon Drench Applications Interact to Affect Growth and Flowering of Containerized Angelonia and Geranium”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium flowering was delayed only when ethephon was applied five days after transplant.
GeraniumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering of geranium was only delayed when ethephon was applied 5 days after transplanting”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier and higher-concentration ethephon applications affected geranium flowering, height and shoot dry weight more.
- Treatment
- earlier applications and higher concentrationse0
- Outcome
- flowering, vegetative height, and shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- affected moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flowering, vegetative height, and shoot dry weight were affected more by earlier applications and higher concentrations”
t0“Concentration and Timing of Ethephon Drench Applications Interact to Affect Growth and Flowering of Containerized Angelonia and Geranium”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ethephon concentration suppressed plant width and root weight.
- Treatment
- ethephon concentratione0
- Outcome
- Width and root weighte0
- Direction
- growth suppression increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Width and root weight were only affected by ethephon concentration, with growth suppression increasing as concentrations increased.”
t0“Concentration and Timing of Ethephon Drench Applications Interact to Affect Growth and Flowering of Containerized Angelonia and Geranium”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.