Paper · 1970 · HortScience

The Influence of Growth Regulators and Temperature on Flowering of Seed Propagated Geraniums1

William J. Carpenter; William H. Carlson

15
claims
26
verbatim quotes
12
citations
2
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by-nc-nd

Abstract

Abstract The influence of B-Nine (2500 ppm), F 529 (1250 ppm), TIBA (250 ppm), IAA (100 ppm), Ethrel (1000 ppm), Cycocel spray (1475 ppm) and soil drench (2950 ppm) were investigated on seed propagated geranium, cv. ‘Carefree Scarlet’. IAA had no effect on date of flowering, plant height or branching, but TIBA sprayed plants flowered significantly earlier and Ethrel sprays significantly delayed it. Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching. A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering, but sprays had no effect on flowering. In growth chambers with 12-hour light periods of 75 F and 12-hour dark periods of 70 F, 60 F, or 50 F, earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F. The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 15

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

IAA did not affect flowering date, height, or branching.

Taxon
geraniumGeraniume1
Material
Carefree Scarlete1
Treatment
IAAe0
Outcome
date of flowering, plant height or branchinge0
Direction
no effecte0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“IAA had no effect on date of flowering, plant height or branching”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 236–301 · show in text ↑
e1

“seed propagated geranium, cv. ‘Carefree Scarlet’”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 186–234 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

TIBA sprayed plants flowered significantly earlier.

Taxon
geraniumGeraniume1
Treatment
TIBAe0
Outcome
flowerede0
Direction
earliere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“TIBA sprayed plants flowered significantly earlier”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 307–357 · show in text ↑
e1

“seed propagated geranium, cv. ‘Carefree Scarlet’”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 186–234 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Ethrel sprays significantly delayed flowering.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
Ethrel sprayse0
Outcome
Floweringt0
Direction
delayede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Ethrel sprays significantly delayed it”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 362–400 · show in text ↑
t0

“Flowering of Seed Propagated Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 54–92 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

TIBA sprays reduced geranium height at flowering.

Taxon
geraniumGeraniume0
Treatment
TIBAe0
Outcome
height at floweringe0
Direction
reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 402–491 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering.

Taxon
geraniumGeraniume0
Treatment
Ethrel sprayse0
Outcome
height at floweringe0
Direction
reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 402–491 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

TIBA sprays stimulated geranium branching.

Taxon
geraniumGeraniume0
Treatment
TIBAe0
Outcome
branchinge0
Direction
stimulatede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 402–491 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ethrel sprays stimulated geranium branching.

Taxon
geraniumGeraniume0
Treatment
Ethrel sprayse0
Outcome
branchinge0
Direction
stimulatede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 402–491 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
Cycocel soil drenche0
Outcome
floweringe0
Direction
earliere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering, but sprays had no effect on flowering”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 493–578 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Cycocel sprays had no effect on flowering.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
Cycocele0
Outcome
floweringe0
Direction
no effecte0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering, but sprays had no effect on flowering”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 493–578 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Flowering was earliest at 70 F night temperature.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
70 Fe0
Outcome
floweringe0
Direction
earlieste0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 683–756 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Flowering at 60 F was delayed five days versus 70 F.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
60 Fe0
Outcome
floweringe0
Direction
delayse0
Value
5e0
Comparator
70 Fe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 683–756 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Flowering at 50 F was delayed 15 days versus 70 F.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
50 Fe0
Outcome
floweringe0
Direction
delayse0
Value
15 dayse0
Comparator
70 Fe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 683–756 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Terminal stem nodes at flowering were 14 at 70 F.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
70 Fe0
Outcome
number of nodes of terminal stems at floweringe0
Direction
increasede0
Value
14e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 758–882 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Terminal stem nodes at flowering were 16 at 60 F.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
60 Fe0
Outcome
number of nodes of terminal stems at floweringe0
Direction
increasede0
Value
16e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 758–882 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Terminal stem nodes at flowering were 17 at 50 F.

Taxon
GeraniumsGeraniumt0
Treatment
50 Fe0
Outcome
number of nodes of terminal stems at floweringe0
Direction
increasede0
Value
17e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Geranium
Geranium · Taxon · picture of the genus (one of its species)Alvesgaspar · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 758–882 · show in text ↑
t0

“Geraniums”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–92 · show in text ↑

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5 papers: 2 positive, 3 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

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application · growth · GeraniumPositive and negative results

13 papers: 9 positive, 4 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.