Abstract
Recovery from submergence stress is vital for plant regrowth. The objective of this study was to characterize plant growth, carbohydrate, and antioxidant metabolism of creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) to foliar application of nitrogen and cytokinin (CK) after de-submergence. Creeping bentgrass (cv. Penncross and 007) were submerged under the water for 14 days and then foliar-sprayed at 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after de-submergence with six types of chemical treatments, respectively: 1) water (W); 2) 10 m m urea (N10); 3) 20 m m urea (N20); 4) 10 µ m CK; 5) N10 with CK (N10CK); and 6) N20 with CK (N20CK). Leaves were harvested at 20 days after chemical applications for various measurements. Compared with the nonstressed plants, plant height (HT), chlorophyll index (Chl), leaf dry weight (DW), water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased, but catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total soluble protein (TSP) content increased in both cultivars exposed to 14 days of submergence. After de-submergence, plants treated with N alone (N10, N20) or combined with CK (N10CK, N20CK) generally had higher HT, DW, Chl, TSP, and a lower amount of MDA, compared with treatments of W or CK alone, whereas treatment using CK resulted in higher WSC for both cultivars. Foliar applications of N and CK had some effect on SOD, CAT, POD, and APX activities after de-submergence, but the effects were not consistent across chemicals and cultivars. The results indicated that foliar application of N or combined with CK promoted plant growth and reduced lipid peroxidation after de-submergence. The results also suggested a more positive role of foliar N application in comparison with a complex regulation of CK on creeping bentgrass regrowth after de-submergence.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence decreased plant height, chlorophyll index and leaf dry weight of creeping bentgrass compared with nonstressed plants.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferae0 - Treatment
- 14 days of submergencee3
- Outcome
- plant height (HT), chlorophyll index (Chl), leaf dry weight (DW)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- nonstressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e1“plant height (HT), chlorophyll index (Chl), leaf dry weight (DW), water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased”
e2“Compared with the nonstressed plants”
e3“exposed to 14 days of submergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence decreased water-soluble carbohydrate content, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities of creeping bentgrass compared with nonstressed plants.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- 14 days of submergencee3
- Outcome
- water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- nonstressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e1“plant height (HT), chlorophyll index (Chl), leaf dry weight (DW), water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased”
e2“Compared with the nonstressed plants”
e3“exposed to 14 days of submergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence increased catalase and peroxidase activities of creeping bentgrass compared with nonstressed plants.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- 14 days of submergencee3
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activitiese5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- nonstressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e2“Compared with the nonstressed plants”
e3“exposed to 14 days of submergence”
e5“catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total soluble protein (TSP) content increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence increased malondialdehyde of creeping bentgrass compared with nonstressed plants.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- 14 days of submergencee3
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- nonstressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e2“Compared with the nonstressed plants”
e3“exposed to 14 days of submergence”
e5“catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total soluble protein (TSP) content increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence increased total soluble protein content of creeping bentgrass compared with nonstressed plants.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- 14 days of submergencee3
- Outcome
- total soluble protein (TSP) contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- nonstressed plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e2“Compared with the nonstressed plants”
e3“exposed to 14 days of submergence”
e5“catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total soluble protein (TSP) content increased”
Claim · model-written summary
After de-submergence, nitrogen alone or with cytokinin raised plant height, leaf dry weight and chlorophyll index of creeping bentgrass compared with water or cytokinin alone.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- N alone (N10, N20)e6
- Outcome
- HT, DW, Chle6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- generallye6
- Comparator
- treatments of W or CK alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e6“plants treated with N alone (N10, N20) or combined with CK (N10CK, N20CK) generally had higher HT, DW, Chl, TSP, and a lower amount of MDA, compared with treatments of W or CK alone”
Claim · model-written summary
After de-submergence, nitrogen alone or with cytokinin raised total soluble protein content of creeping bentgrass compared with water or cytokinin alone.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- N alone (N10, N20)e6
- Outcome
- TSPe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- treatments of W or CK alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e6“plants treated with N alone (N10, N20) or combined with CK (N10CK, N20CK) generally had higher HT, DW, Chl, TSP, and a lower amount of MDA, compared with treatments of W or CK alone”
Claim · model-written summary
After de-submergence, nitrogen alone or with cytokinin lowered malondialdehyde of creeping bentgrass compared with water or cytokinin alone.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- N alone (N10, N20)e6
- Outcome
- amount of MDAe6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- treatments of W or CK alonee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e6“plants treated with N alone (N10, N20) or combined with CK (N10CK, N20CK) generally had higher HT, DW, Chl, TSP, and a lower amount of MDA, compared with treatments of W or CK alone”
Claim · model-written summary
After de-submergence, cytokinin treatment raised water-soluble carbohydrate content of creeping bentgrass in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- treatment using CKe7
- Outcome
- WSCe7
- Direction
- highere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e7“whereas treatment using CK resulted in higher WSC for both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen and cytokinin had some effect on SOD, CAT and POD activities of creeping bentgrass after de-submergence, not consistent across chemicals and cultivars.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of N and CKe4
- Outcome
- SOD, CAT, PODe4
- Qualifier
- the effects were not consistent across chemicals and cultivarse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e4“Foliar applications of N and CK had some effect on SOD, CAT, POD, and APX activities after de-submergence, but the effects were not consistent across chemicals and cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen and cytokinin had some effect on APX activity of creeping bentgrass after de-submergence, not consistent across chemicals and cultivars.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of N and CKe4
- Outcome
- APX activitiese4
- Qualifier
- the effects were not consistent across chemicals and cultivarse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e4“Foliar applications of N and CK had some effect on SOD, CAT, POD, and APX activities after de-submergence, but the effects were not consistent across chemicals and cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen plays a more positive role than cytokinin in creeping bentgrass regrowth after de-submergence.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- foliar N applicatione4
- Outcome
- creeping bentgrass regrowthe4
- Direction
- more positive rolee4
- Comparator
- CKe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera )”
e4“The results also suggested a more positive role of foliar N application in comparison with a complex regulation of CK on creeping bentgrass regrowth after de-submergence”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · physiology: oxidative · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
flooding · growth · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
application · growth · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →nitrogen · growth · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.