Abstract
Potato tubers are protected from dehydration and pathogens by a covering peel (periderm) impregnated with suberin, a complex cross-linked biopolymer that contains both polyaliphatic and lignin-like aromatic domains. Current models describing the macromolecular structure of suberin assume that ferulic acid cross-links both domains as it may form carboxyl ester bonds with aliphatic monomers and non-ester radical-coupled bonds with phenolics. Ferulic acid also links by ester bonds to glycans and acts in cross-linking polysaccharides and lignin. Fatty alcohol/ω-hydroxyacid hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (FHT) is a BADH acyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of akyl-ferulates that is necessary for suberin biosynthesis. Periderm from FHT-RNAi tubers showed a significant decrease in suberin ferulate esters and an increase in soluble phenolic breakdown products. This periderm also showed changes in texture and water permeability but, surprisingly, the suberin lamellar structure was not altered. The CYP86A gene is a strong candidate for aliphatic suberin biosynthesis. CYP86A33-RNAi potato periderm had a striking loss of suberin lamellar structure and diminished w-hydroxyacids and a,w-diacids. To obtain a more comprehensive molecular view of the consequences of gene silencing on potato periderm composition, metabolite profiling was conducted on soluble polar and nonv polar extracts from native and wound periderms of wild-type (WT) and FHT-RNAi silenced potato samples using liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS), gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The solid interface was analyzed by solid-state NMR. FHT deficiency induced significant changes in the metabolite pool of both polar and non-polar extracts from native periderms. In particular, FHT silencing induced accumulation of phenolic amides such as caffeoylputrescine, feruloylputrescine, feruloyltyramine, and amide dimers in the polar extracts and long-chain saturated fatty acids (C22, C23, C24, C27), long-chain primary alcohols (C22, C26, C27, C28, C29), methyl esters (C17:0, C19:2) and 1-monohexadecanoyl glycerol in the non-polar extracts. Phenolic acids, glycoalkaloids, alkanes (C21, C23, C25, C27, C29) and fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:2) were down-regulated in FHT-RNAi native periderms. For the solid interfacial residue, the FHT-RNAi variety displayed higher arene-to-(CH2)n and oxygenated alkoxy-to-(CH2)n ratios compared to WT. In contrast to the native tissues, the WT and FHT-RNAi-silenced tissue extracts and solid interfacial residues from developing wound periderms each exhibited similar compositional progressions with time; their initially distinct metabolic profiles became overlapped and underwent a striking convergence. An analogous analysis was conducted on CYP86A33-RNAi native periderm. In CYP86A33 silenced native potato periderms, glycoalkaloids were highly abundant in polar extracts while polyamides were down-regulated compared with WT. Non-polar extracts are to be analyzed with GC-MS and LC-MS.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
FHT-RNAi periderm had significantly decreased suberin ferulate esters.
- Taxon
- Potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Organ / stage
- Periderme0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAie0
- Gene
- FHTe0
- Outcome
- suberin ferulate esterse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Periderm from FHT-RNAi tubers showed a significant decrease in suberin ferulate esters”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT-RNAi periderm had increased soluble phenolic breakdown products.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAit1
- Outcome
- soluble phenolic breakdown productse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in soluble phenolic breakdown products”
t0“Potato”
t1“Periderm from FHT-RNAi tubers”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT-RNAi periderm changed in texture and water permeability.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAit1
- Outcome
- texture and water permeabilitye0
- Direction
- changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This periderm also showed changes in texture and water permeability”
t0“Potato”
t1“Periderm from FHT-RNAi tubers”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT-RNAi did not alter suberin lamellar structure.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAit1
- Outcome
- suberin lamellar structuree0
- Direction
- not alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the suberin lamellar structure was not altered”
t0“Potato”
t1“Periderm from FHT-RNAi tubers”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP86A33-RNAi periderm lost suberin lamellar structure.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- CYP86A33-RNAie0
- Gene
- CYP86A33e0
- Outcome
- suberin lamellar structuree0
- Direction
- losse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CYP86A33-RNAi potato periderm had a striking loss of suberin lamellar structure”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP86A33-RNAi periderm had diminished hydroxyacids and diacids.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- CYP86A33-RNAit1
- Outcome
- w-hydroxyacids and a,w-diacidse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diminished w-hydroxyacids and a,w-diacids”
t0“Potato”
t1“CYP86A33-RNAi potato periderm”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT deficiency significantly changed polar and non-polar metabolite pools in native periderm.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Organ / stage
- native peridermse0
- Treatment
- FHT deficiencye0
- Outcome
- metabolite pool of both polar and non-polar extractse0
- Direction
- changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FHT deficiency induced significant changes in the metabolite pool of both polar and non-polar extracts from native periderms”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT silencing increased phenolic amides in polar extracts.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT silencinge0
- Outcome
- phenolic amidese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- polar extractse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FHT silencing induced accumulation of phenolic amides such as caffeoylputrescine, feruloylputrescine, feruloyltyramine, and amide dimers in the polar extracts”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT silencing increased long-chain saturated fatty acids in non-polar extracts.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT silencingt1
- Outcome
- long-chain saturated fatty acids (C22, C23, C24, C27)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-chain saturated fatty acids (C22, C23, C24, C27), long-chain primary alcohols (C22, C26, C27, C28, C29), methyl esters (C17:0, C19:2) and 1-monohexadecanoyl glycerol in the non-polar extracts”
t0“Potato”
t1“FHT silencing”
e1“FHT silencing induced accumulation of phenolic amides”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT silencing increased long-chain primary alcohols in non-polar extracts.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT silencingt1
- Outcome
- long-chain primary alcohols (C22, C26, C27, C28, C29)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-chain primary alcohols (C22, C26, C27, C28, C29)”
t0“Potato”
t1“FHT silencing”
e1“FHT silencing induced accumulation of phenolic amides”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT silencing increased methyl esters and 1-monohexadecanoyl glycerol in non-polar extracts.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT silencingt1
- Outcome
- methyl esters (C17:0, C19:2) and 1-monohexadecanoyl glycerole0
- Direction
- accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methyl esters (C17:0, C19:2) and 1-monohexadecanoyl glycerol in the non-polar extracts”
t0“Potato”
t1“FHT silencing”
e1“FHT silencing induced accumulation of phenolic amides”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic acids, glycoalkaloids, and alkanes were down-regulated in FHT-RNAi native periderm.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAie0
- Outcome
- Phenolic acids, glycoalkaloids, alkanese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenolic acids, glycoalkaloids, alkanes (C21, C23, C25, C27, C29) and fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:2) were down-regulated in FHT-RNAi native periderms”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acids were down-regulated in FHT-RNAi native periderm.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAie0
- Outcome
- fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:2)e0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:2) were down-regulated in FHT-RNAi native periderms”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT-RNAi residue had a higher arene-to-(CH2)n ratio than wild type.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAie0
- Outcome
- arene-to-(CH2)ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- WTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the FHT-RNAi variety displayed higher arene-to-(CH2)n and oxygenated alkoxy-to-(CH2)n ratios compared to WT”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
FHT-RNAi residue had a higher oxygenated alkoxy-to-(CH2)n ratio than wild type.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- FHT-RNAie0
- Outcome
- oxygenated alkoxy-to-(CH2)n ratiose0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- WTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the FHT-RNAi variety displayed higher arene-to-(CH2)n and oxygenated alkoxy-to-(CH2)n ratios compared to WT”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild-type and FHT-RNAi wound periderm metabolic profiles converged over time.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Organ / stage
- wound peridermst1
- Outcome
- metabolic profiles became overlapped and underwent a striking convergencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their initially distinct metabolic profiles became overlapped and underwent a striking convergence”
t0“Potato”
t1“from developing wound periderms each exhibited similar compositional progressions”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP86A33 silencing made glycoalkaloids highly abundant in native periderm polar extracts.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- native potato peridermse0
- Treatment
- CYP86A33 silencede0
- Outcome
- glycoalkaloidse0
- Direction
- highly abundante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In CYP86A33 silenced native potato periderms, glycoalkaloids were highly abundant in polar extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP86A33 silencing down-regulated polyamides relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- CYP86A33 silencedt1
- Outcome
- polyamidese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Comparator
- WTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyamides were down-regulated compared with WT”
t0“Potato”
t1“CYP86A33 silenced”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · quality: phytochemicals · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
loss of function · molecular: metabolites · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.