Abstract
Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the main effects and interactions of various combinations of soil, sediment, and scrubber sludge on sudangrass yields. Sediment dredgings had an agronomic advantage over regular soil for the first yield of three successive cuttings of sudangrass. Highest average yields occurred with 2% scrubber sludge added to all combinations of soil and sediment. With 8% scrubber sludge, yields were dramatically lower for all combinations of soil and sediment. Plant size and color also were affected adversely. No fertilizer was used in this study. By the second and third cuttings, the highest yields were on soil with 8% scrubber sludge. Yields on sediment amended with 8% scrubber sludge continued to be lower than other yields. By the second and third cuttings, yields were higher with 100% soil than with 100% sediment. Total weights for the three cuttings suggested that sediments provide a better medium for sudangrass growth than soil. There appeared to be little yield advantage in mixing soil with sediments. Scrubber sludge increased sudangrass yields for combinations high in soil and had little effect on combinations high in sediment.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment gave higher sudangrass yield than soil at the first cutting.
- Taxon
- sudangrass
Sorghum ×drummondiie0 - Treatment
- Sediment dredgingse0
- Outcome
- first yielde0
- Direction
- advantagee0
- Comparator
- regular soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sediment dredgings had an agronomic advantage over regular soil for the first yield of three successive cuttings of sudangrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two percent scrubber sludge produced the highest average yield across soil and sediment combinations.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- 2% scrubber sludgee0
- Outcome
- average yieldse0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest average yields occurred with 2% scrubber sludge added to all combinations of soil and sediment.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent scrubber sludge sharply lowered yield across soil and sediment combinations.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- 8% scrubber sludgee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- dramatically lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With 8% scrubber sludge, yields were dramatically lower for all combinations of soil and sediment.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent scrubber sludge adversely affected plant size and color.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Outcome
- Plant size and colore0
- Direction
- affected adverselye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant size and color also were affected adversely.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the second and third cuttings, soil with 8% scrubber sludge gave the highest yields.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Organ / stage
- second and third cuttingse0
- Treatment
- soil with 8% scrubber sludgee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the second and third cuttings, the highest yields were on soil with 8% scrubber sludge.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sediment with 8% scrubber sludge continued to have lower yields than other treatments.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- sediment amended with 8% scrubber sludgee0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- other yieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields on sediment amended with 8% scrubber sludge continued to be lower than other yields.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil alone outyielded sediment alone at the second and third cuttings.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- 100% soile0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 100% sedimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the second and third cuttings, yields were higher with 100% soil than with 100% sediment.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total weight across three cuttings suggested sediment was better than soil for sudangrass growth.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiie0
- Outcome
- Total weightse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total weights for the three cuttings suggested that sediments provide a better medium for sudangrass growth than soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing soil with sediments offered little yield advantage.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Outcome
- yield advantagee0
- Direction
- littlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There appeared to be little yield advantage in mixing soil with sediments.”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Scrubber sludge increased sudangrass yield in soil-rich combinations.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiie0
- Treatment
- Scrubber sludgee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- combinations high in soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scrubber sludge increased sudangrass yields for combinations high in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Scrubber sludge had little effect on yield in sediment-rich combinations.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Outcome
- little effecte0
- Direction
- little effecte0
- Qualifier
- combinations high in sedimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had little effect on combinations high in sediment”
t0“on sudangrass yields.”