Abstract
Tissue culture and mycorrhiza applications can provide disease-free seedlings and enhanced nutrient absorption, respectively, for organic farming. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is rich in phytochemicals and has various health-protective potentials. This study was aimed at determining effects of tissue culture and mycorrhiza applications alone or in combinations in organic farming on phytochemical contents (total phenolics and flavonoids [TP and TF, respectively], gingerol and shogaol homologues, phenolic acids, and carotenoids) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance (ORAC), and iron-chelating capacities [ICC]) in solvent-extractable (Free) and cell-wall-matrix-bound (Bound) fractions of ginger rhizome and Free fraction of the leaves in comparison with non-organics. Concentrations of the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities, except for carotenoids and ICC, were significantly higher in organic ginger rhizomes and leaves than in non-organics regardless of the fractions and treatments (P < 0.05). Mycorrhiza application in organic farming significantly increased levels of TP, TF, gingerols, and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combined application of tissue culture and mycorrhiza significantly increased concentrations of TF and gingerols and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05), suggesting their synergistic effects. Considerable amounts of phenolics were found in the Bound fractions of the rhizomes. Six-gingerol, ferulic acid, and lutein were predominant ones among gingerols, phenolic acids, and carotenoids, respectively, in ginger rhizomes. The results suggest that organic farming with mycorrhiza and tissue culture applications can increase concentrations of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in ginger rhizomes and leaves and therefore improve their health-protective potentials.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Organic ginger had higher phenolics and flavonoids than non-organic ginger.
- Taxon
- ginger
Zingiber officinalee0 - Organ / stage
- rhizomes and leavese0
- Treatment
- organice0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of the phytochemicalse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-organicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities, except for carotenoids and ICC, were significantly higher in organic ginger rhizomes and leaves than in non-organics regardless of the fractions and treatments (P < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic ginger had higher antioxidant capacities other than ICC.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalee0
- Organ / stage
- rhizomes and leavese0
- Treatment
- organice0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except for carotenoids and ICCe0
- Comparator
- non-organicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities, except for carotenoids and ICC, were significantly higher in organic ginger rhizomes and leaves than in non-organics regardless of the fractions and treatments (P < 0.05).”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza application raised total phenolics and flavonoids in free rhizome fractions.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Organ / stage
- Free fraction of the rhizomee0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza applicatione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of TP, TFe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza application in organic farming significantly increased levels of TP, TF, gingerols, and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05).”
t0“Ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza application raised gingerols in free rhizome fractions.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Organ / stage
- Free fraction of the rhizomee0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza applicatione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- gingerolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza application in organic farming significantly increased levels of TP, TF, gingerols, and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05).”
t0“Ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza application raised ORAC in free rhizome fractions.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Organ / stage
- Free fraction of the rhizomee0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza applicatione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- ORACe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza application in organic farming significantly increased levels of TP, TF, gingerols, and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05).”
t0“Ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined tissue culture and mycorrhiza increased flavonoids and gingerols in free rhizome fractions.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Organ / stage
- Free fraction of the rhizomee0
- Treatment
- combined application of tissue culture and mycorrhizae0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of TF and gingerolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application of tissue culture and mycorrhiza significantly increased concentrations of TF and gingerols and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05)”
t0“Ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined tissue culture and mycorrhiza increased ORAC in free rhizome fractions.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Organ / stage
- Free fraction of the rhizomee0
- Treatment
- combined application of tissue culture and mycorrhizae0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- ORACe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application of tissue culture and mycorrhiza significantly increased concentrations of TF and gingerols and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05)”
t0“Ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound rhizome fractions contained considerable phenolics.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalet0
- Organ / stage
- Bound fractions of the rhizomese0
- Outcome
- Considerable amounts of phenolicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Considerable amounts of phenolics were found in the Bound fractions of the rhizomes.”
t0“Ginger”
Claim · model-written summary
Six-gingerol predominated among rhizome gingerols.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalee0
- Organ / stage
- rhizomese0
- Outcome
- Six-gingerole0
- Qualifier
- among gingerolse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six-gingerol, ferulic acid, and lutein were predominant ones among gingerols, phenolic acids, and carotenoids, respectively, in ginger rhizomes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulic acid predominated among rhizome phenolic acids.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalee0
- Organ / stage
- rhizomese0
- Outcome
- ferulic acide0
- Qualifier
- phenolic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six-gingerol, ferulic acid, and lutein were predominant ones among gingerols, phenolic acids, and carotenoids, respectively, in ginger rhizomes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lutein predominated among rhizome carotenoids.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalee0
- Organ / stage
- rhizomese0
- Outcome
- luteine0
- Qualifier
- carotenoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six-gingerol, ferulic acid, and lutein were predominant ones among gingerols, phenolic acids, and carotenoids, respectively, in ginger rhizomes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer organic farming with mycorrhiza and tissue culture can improve ginger health-protective potential.
- Taxon
- gingerZingiber officinalee0
- Treatment
- organic farming with mycorrhiza and tissue culture applicationse0
- Outcome
- improve their health-protective potentialse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic farming with mycorrhiza and tissue culture applications can increase concentrations of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in ginger rhizomes and leaves and therefore improve their health-protective potentials.”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · molecular: metabolites · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · molecular: metabolites · Zingiber officinale (ginger)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.