Abstract
For several years, we have investigated the use of atoxigenic strains (strains not able to produce aflatoxins) of Aspergillus flavus as biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination of figs in California, USA. The atoxigenic strain AF36 has been successful in reducing aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed in commercial cotton fields in Arizona. Approximately 6% of the A. flavus isolates obtained from commercial fig orchards in California belonged to the atoxigenic strain AF36. In 2003 and 2004, AF36 was applied in 'Calimyrna' fig orchard. In early summer, wheat seeds infected with AF36 were applied at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha to the orchard floor. Almost all A. flavus isolates obtained from noncaprified figs collected from the orchard floor belonged to the applied strain AF36, indicating that AF36 had colonized debris in the orchard. In late summer, leaf and soil samples were collected. The soil had a higher density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus in the areas under the drip lines where infected wheat had been placed (72.6 to 113.2 colony forming units (cfu)/g soil for areas treated with AF36 in 2003) than in the middles (5.5 to 11.9 cfu/g) or under the drip lines in the untreated areas (0.9 cfu/g). In 2003, all of the A. flavus isolates obtained from the soil under the drip lines in the treated areas belonged to AF36 compared to only 18.7% in the untreated areas. In contrast, in the middle the incidence of AF36 was approximately the same in the treated areas (21.5 and 33.7%) and in the untreated areas (20.8%). The density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus on leaves did not differ significantly between treatments, even though higher levels of AF36 were on leaves in the treated areas than in the untreated areas. Atoxigenic strains continue to show promise for the reduction of aflatoxin contamination of figs.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately 6% of A. flavus isolates from commercial fig orchards in California belonged to the atoxigenic strain AF36.
- Interactor
- A. flavus
Aspergillus flavuse1pathogen - Outcome
- belonged to the atoxigenic strain AF36e1
- Value
- Approximately 6%e1
FicusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For several years, we have investigated the use of atoxigenic strains (strains not able to produce aflatoxins) of Aspergillus flavus as biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination of figs in California, USA”
e1“Approximately 6% of the A. flavus isolates obtained from commercial fig orchards in California belonged to the atoxigenic strain AF36”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil under drip lines where AF36-infected wheat was placed had a higher density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus than under drip lines in untreated areas.
- Treatment
- wheat seeds infected with AF36e2
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse4pathogen
- Second interactor
- AF36e4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- density of A. flavus/A. parasiticuse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 72.6 to 113.2 colony forming units (cfu)/g soile4
- Comparator
- under the drip lines in the untreated arease4
- Setting
- orchard floore2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For several years, we have investigated the use of atoxigenic strains (strains not able to produce aflatoxins) of Aspergillus flavus as biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination of figs in California, USA”
e2“In early summer, wheat seeds infected with AF36 were applied at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha to the orchard floor”
e4“The soil had a higher density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus in the areas under the drip lines where infected wheat had been placed (72.6 to 113.2 colony forming units (cfu)/g soil for areas treated with AF36 in 2003) than in the middles (5.5 to 11.9 cfu/g) or under the drip lines in the untreated areas (0.9 cfu/g)”
Claim · model-written summary
All A. flavus isolates from soil under drip lines in treated areas belonged to AF36, compared with 18.7% in untreated areas.
- Treatment
- wheat seeds infected with AF36e2
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse5pathogen
- Outcome
- belonged to AF36e5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Qualifier
- 18.7%e5
- Comparator
- in the untreated arease5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For several years, we have investigated the use of atoxigenic strains (strains not able to produce aflatoxins) of Aspergillus flavus as biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination of figs in California, USA”
e2“In early summer, wheat seeds infected with AF36 were applied at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha to the orchard floor”
e5“In 2003, all of the A. flavus isolates obtained from the soil under the drip lines in the treated areas belonged to AF36 compared to only 18.7% in the untreated areas”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 application did not significantly change the density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus on leaves between treatments.
- Treatment
- AF36e7
- Interactor
- A. flavus/A. parasiticusAspergillus flavuse6pathogen
- Outcome
- density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus on leavese6
- Direction
- did not differe6
- Comparator
- between treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For several years, we have investigated the use of atoxigenic strains (strains not able to produce aflatoxins) of Aspergillus flavus as biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination of figs in California, USA”
e6“The density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus on leaves did not differ significantly between treatments, even though higher levels of AF36 were on leaves in the treated areas than in the untreated areas”
e7“AF36 was applied in 'Calimyrna' fig orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 was present at higher levels on leaves in treated areas than in untreated areas.
- Treatment
- AF36e7
- Interactor
- AF36e6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- levels of AF36 were on leavese6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- in the untreated arease6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For several years, we have investigated the use of atoxigenic strains (strains not able to produce aflatoxins) of Aspergillus flavus as biocontrol agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination of figs in California, USA”
e6“The density of A. flavus/A. parasiticus on leaves did not differ significantly between treatments, even though higher levels of AF36 were on leaves in the treated areas than in the untreated areas”
e7“AF36 was applied in 'Calimyrna' fig orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all A. flavus isolates from noncaprified figs collected from the orchard floor belonged to the applied strain AF36.
- Taxon
- noncaprified figse3
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse3pathogen
- Outcome
- belonged to the applied strain AF36e3
- Value
- Almost alle3
- Setting
- orchard floore3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Almost all A. flavus isolates obtained from noncaprified figs collected from the orchard floor belonged to the applied strain AF36, indicating that AF36 had colonized debris in the orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 had colonized debris in the orchard.
Verbatim
e3“Almost all A. flavus isolates obtained from noncaprified figs collected from the orchard floor belonged to the applied strain AF36, indicating that AF36 had colonized debris in the orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Atoxigenic strains show promise for reducing aflatoxin contamination of figs.
- Outcome
- reduction of aflatoxin contamination of figse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Atoxigenic strains continue to show promise for the reduction of aflatoxin contamination of figs”