Abstract
The genesis of geotropic curvatures in the natural habitat of Sphagnum mosses is described in detail on the basis of in situ observations.A novel method of estimation of length increment of Sphagna shoots is developed, based on their geotropic curvatures, which are the markers of physical impacts.The snow load in northern areas is an example of the most typical impact on Sphagnum cover and further geotropic response of stems.Deviation in stem growth causes the curves which may form after snowmelt or under the snow layer.First attempt to use the snow induced markers, named further as "nival geotropic curvatures", for estimation of shoot increment rate of Sphagna stems were made in the late 20th century.However, first researchers ignored other than snow cover common factors that are responsible for the formation of similar markers during the growing season.Therefore, measuring increment from these markers may result in incorrect estimation, because they could be formed neither due to the snow load nor the beginning of the growing season.Our method takes into account these shortcomings.Several Sphagnum species were involved in the research for experimental comparison of the novel method with the classical tied thread method.Experimental plots were studied during a two-year period on Karelian mires.The length increment values obtained by both methods show some differences.Shoot increment values obtained by the method of the nival geotropic curvatures markedly exceed values obtained by the classical tied thread method in all cases.The difference ranged from 7.5 to 18.6 % in 2014 and from 20.8 to 45.8 % in 2015.The results could be explained by the negative effect of the tied thread method on the growth of moss, that was described in the literature.The coefficients of variation estimated by the method of nival curvatures are reliably lower than those obtained by the tied thread method for practically all samples.In 2014, mean value of the coefficients of variation were 20.3±4.2 % for samples obtained by tied thread method and 13.0±4.7 % for samples obtained by nival geotropic curvatures method.In 2015, the coefficients of variation were estimated at 21.1±5.3% and 8.7±2.2 %, respectively.The differences are assumed to be due to the difference in the degree of impact on the structure of Sphagnum cover. РезюмеНа основании наблюдений in situ детально описан генезис геотропических изгибов стеблей в естественной среде обитания сфагнов.Разработан новый метод определения прироста побегов сфагновых мхов, в основу которого положено использование геотропических изгибов, образующихся в результате внешних физических воздействий.Снеговая нагрузка, характерная для северных регионов -пример наиболее типичного физического воздействия, вызывающего геотропическую реакцию побегов.Отклонение растущих побегов вызывает образование изгибов после снеготаяния или под снежным покровом.Первые попытки использования вызываемых действием снега маркеров (называемых нами в дальнейшем «нивальные геотропические изгибы») на стеблях сфагновых мхов для оценки прироста побегов были предприняты во второй половине XX века.В ранних исследованиях игнорировались факторы кроме снежного покрова, хотя они также вызывают образование геотропических маркеров в течение вегетационного периода.Таким образом, измерение прироста от этих маркеров может приводить к ошибкам, поскольку их образование может быть не связано со снеговой нагрузкой и началом вегетационного
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Physical impacts including snow load produce geotropic curvature in Sphagnum stems.
SphagnumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The snow load in northern areas is an example of the most typical impact on Sphagnum cover and further geotropic response of stems.Deviation in stem growth causes the curves which may form after snowmelt or under the snow layer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other growing-season factors can form similar markers, making snow-marker estimates potentially incorrect.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other than snow cover common factors that are responsible for the formation of similar markers during the growing season.Therefore, measuring increment from these markers may result in incorrect estimation”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
The curvature method gave higher shoot increments than tied threads in all cases.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot increment values obtained by the method of the nival geotropic curvatures markedly exceed values obtained by the classical tied thread method in all cases.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
The methods differed by 7.5 to 18.6 % in 2014.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The difference ranged from 7.5 to 18.6 % in 2014 and from 20.8 to 45.8 % in 2015.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
The methods differed by 20.8 to 45.8 % in 2015.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The difference ranged from 7.5 to 18.6 % in 2014 and from 20.8 to 45.8 % in 2015.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Curvature estimates had lower variation coefficients for nearly all samples.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coefficients of variation estimated by the method of nival curvatures are reliably lower than those obtained by the tied thread method for practically all samples.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean coefficient of variation was 20.3±4.2 % with tied threads in 2014.
- Outcome
- coefficients of variatione0
- Value
- 20.3±4.2 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2014e0
- Comparator
- nival geotropic curvatures methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2014, mean value of the coefficients of variation were 20.3±4.2 % for samples obtained by tied thread method and 13.0±4.7 % for samples obtained by nival geotropic curvatures method.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean coefficient of variation was 13.0±4.7 % with curvature in 2014.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2014, mean value of the coefficients of variation were 20.3±4.2 % for samples obtained by tied thread method and 13.0±4.7 % for samples obtained by nival geotropic curvatures method.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
Claim · model-written summary
Coefficient of variation was 21.1±5.3% with tied threads in 2015.
- Outcome
- coefficients of variatione0
- Value
- 21.1±5.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 2015e0
- Comparator
- nival geotropic curvatures methode2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2015, the coefficients of variation were estimated at 21.1±5.3% and 8.7±2.2 %, respectively.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
e2“tied thread method and 13.0±4.7 % for samples obtained by nival geotropic curvatures method.”
Claim · model-written summary
Coefficient of variation was 8.7±2.2 % with curvature in 2015.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2015, the coefficients of variation were estimated at 21.1±5.3% and 8.7±2.2 %, respectively.”
e1“Sphagnum species”
e2“tied thread method and 13.0±4.7 % for samples obtained by nival geotropic curvatures method.”