Abstract
Introduction: Increasing crop competitive ability is an important part of integrated weed management (IWM). In this regard, identifying weeds reaction to soil fertility status for developing fertilizing methods, as components of IWM programs, is a necessity. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at the Research Greenhouse of University of Birjand in 2013. The first factor included three sowing methods of onion (seed sowing, onion set and transplanting) and the second factor included three levels of nitrogen (50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, equivalent to 25, 50 and 75 mg N kg-1 soil), urea fertilizer with a purity of 46% was used for this purpose. Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that sowing method and nitrogen levels had significant effects on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights. Moreover, the interaction between sowing methods and nitrogen levels had a significant effect on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights. The results of the comparisons of the mean for the interaction of planting methods and different levels of nitrogen indicated an increased weeds growth in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen in weed height trait, so that the greatest nutsedge height during the growing season (92.33 cm) was obtained at direct seeding method and high nitrogen levels . Moreover, the lowest weed height during the growing season was obtained at onion set planting method and 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The highest leaf area of purple nutsedge at ten weeks after planting (446.65 cm2), was obtained in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen, and the lowest value for this trait (203.38 cm2), was observed in onion set planting method. The greatest shoot dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was observed in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was achieved in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which was about 3.797 and 7.306 gr plant-1, respectively. Also the minimum shoot dry weight of weed was produced in onion set planting method and their amounts were about, 1.161 and 4.229 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. The greatest tuber number of purple nutsedge during the growing season were observed with seed planting method which were 7 and 15.33 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. Moreover, the minimum tuber number of weed was produced in onion set planting method and were about 1.66 and 5.66 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. The maximum underground dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was obtained at direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was obtained in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which were about 2.472 and 5.396 gr plant-1, respectively .The minimum underground dry weight of weed was achieved in onion set planting method which were about, 0.888 and 1.873 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. Conclusion: Overall ANOVA results showed that the sowing method and level of nitrogen as well as their interaction had a significant effect on all studied traits of purple nutsedge. Evaluation of growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion showed that the greatest and lowest growth of purple nutsedge were obtained where seed and onion sets planting methods were implemented, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated a positive response of purple nutsedge to high levels of nitrogen. Thus, in order to minimize the damage caused by purple nutsedge, the application of 100 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in onion set method is recommended as the most appropriate treatment for the management of purple nutsedge in infected onions farms. However, this study was conducted under greenhouse conditions and there is no doubt that repeating the test in the field is essential for verifying the results.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing method and nitrogen levels significantly affected nutsedge height, leaf area, aboveground weight, tuber number and underground weight.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- sowing method and nitrogen levelse0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee1weed
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weightse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sowing method and nitrogen levels had significant effects on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
The sowing method by nitrogen interaction significantly affected the same nutsedge traits.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- interaction between sowing methods and nitrogen levelse0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee1weed
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weightse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interaction between sowing methods and nitrogen levels had a significant effect on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding and high nitrogen gave the greatest nutsedge height, 92.33 cm.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- direct seeding method and high nitrogen levelse0
- Interactor
- nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- nutsedge heighte0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 92.33 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greatest nutsedge height during the growing season (92.33 cm) was obtained at direct seeding method and high nitrogen levels”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion set planting with 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen gave the lowest weed height.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting method and 50 kg ha-1 nitrogene0
- Outcome
- weed heighte0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest weed height during the growing season was obtained at onion set planting method and 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeding and high nitrogen gave the highest nutsedge leaf area, 446.65 cm2.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogene0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- leaf area of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 446.65 cm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest leaf area of purple nutsedge at ten weeks after planting (446.65 cm2), was obtained in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion set planting gave the lowest nutsedge leaf area, 203.38 cm2.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae2
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee1weed
- Outcome
- leaf area of purple nutsedgee1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 203.38 cm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest value for this trait (203.38 cm2), was observed in onion set planting method”
e1“leaf area of purple nutsedge”
e2“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At eight weeks, 100 kg N ha-1 gave maximum nutsedge shoot dry weight of 3.797 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1e0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.797e0
- Qualifier
- eighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest shoot dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was observed in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was achieved in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which was about 3.797 and 7.306 gr plant-1, respectively.”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At ten weeks, 100 kg N ha-1 gave maximum nutsedge shoot dry weight of 7.306 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1e0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 7.306 gr plant-1e0
- Qualifier
- ten weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest shoot dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was observed in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was achieved in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which was about 3.797 and 7.306 gr plant-1, respectively.”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At eight weeks, onion set planting gave minimum weed shoot dry weight of 1.161 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight of weede0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 1.161e0
- Qualifier
- eighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum shoot dry weight of weed was produced in onion set planting method and their amounts were about, 1.161 and 4.229 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At ten weeks, onion set planting gave minimum weed shoot dry weight of 4.229 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight of weede0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 4.229 gr plant-1e0
- Qualifier
- ten weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum shoot dry weight of weed was produced in onion set planting method and their amounts were about, 1.161 and 4.229 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At eight weeks, seed planting gave the greatest nutsedge tuber count of 7 per pot.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- seed planting methode0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- tuber number of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 7e0
- Qualifier
- eighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greatest tuber number of purple nutsedge during the growing season were observed with seed planting method which were 7 and 15.33 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At ten weeks, seed planting gave the greatest nutsedge tuber count of 15.33 per pot.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- seed planting methode0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- tuber number of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 15.33 tuber per pote0
- Qualifier
- ten weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greatest tuber number of purple nutsedge during the growing season were observed with seed planting method which were 7 and 15.33 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At eight weeks, onion set planting gave minimum weed tuber count of 1.66 per pot.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Outcome
- tuber number of weede0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 1.66e0
- Qualifier
- eighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum tuber number of weed was produced in onion set planting method and were about 1.66 and 5.66 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At ten weeks, onion set planting gave minimum weed tuber count of 5.66 per pot.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Outcome
- tuber number of weede0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 5.66 tuber per pote0
- Qualifier
- ten weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum tuber number of weed was produced in onion set planting method and were about 1.66 and 5.66 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At eight weeks, 100 kg N ha-1 gave maximum nutsedge underground dry weight of 2.472 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1e0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- underground dry weight of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2.472e0
- Qualifier
- eighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum underground dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was obtained at direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was obtained in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which were about 2.472 and 5.396 gr plant-1”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At ten weeks, 100 kg N ha-1 gave maximum nutsedge underground dry weight of 5.396 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1e0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- underground dry weight of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 5.396 gr plant-1e0
- Qualifier
- ten weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum underground dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was obtained at direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was obtained in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which were about 2.472 and 5.396 gr plant-1”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At eight weeks, onion set planting gave minimum weed underground dry weight of 0.888 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Outcome
- underground dry weight of weede0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 0.888e0
- Qualifier
- eighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum underground dry weight of weed was achieved in onion set planting method which were about, 0.888 and 1.873 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
At ten weeks, onion set planting gave minimum weed underground dry weight of 1.873 gr plant-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- onion set planting methode0
- Outcome
- underground dry weight of weede0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 1.873 gr plant-1e0
- Qualifier
- ten weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum underground dry weight of weed was achieved in onion set planting method which were about, 0.888 and 1.873 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen levels stimulated purple nutsedge growth.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- high levels of nitrogene0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- response of purple nutsedgee0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“results indicated a positive response of purple nutsedge to high levels of nitrogen”
e1“In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend onion set planting with 100 kg N ha-1 to manage nutsedge.
- Taxon
- onionsAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in onion set methode0
- Interactor
- purple nutsedgee0weed
- Outcome
- management of purple nutsedgee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 100 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in onion set method is recommended as the most appropriate treatment for the management of purple nutsedge in infected onions farms”
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See all 28 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.