Abstract
Core Ideas Poultry litter increased yields by 11% across locations and years when compared to wheat cover crops. Yields in soybean–soybean–corn–cotton rotations during Phase II and corn–corn–soybean–corn during Phase I were greatest. Incorporating corn once within a 4‐yr cropping cycle resulted in 8% greater yields than continuous soybean. Continuous cropping systems without cover crops are often perceived as unsustainable for long‐term yields and soil health. Continuous cropping systems without cover crops are perceived as unsustainable for long‐term yield and soil health. To test this, cropping sequence and cover crop effects on soybean ( Glycine max L.) yield were assessed. Main effects were 10 sequences of soybean, corn ( Zea mays L.), and cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown on a Loring silt loam at the Research and Education Center at Milan (RECM), TN, and six cropping sequences of corn and soybean on a Maury silt loam at the Middle Tennessee Research and Education Center (MTREC), Spring Hill, TN. Sequences were repeated in 4‐yr Phases (i.e., I, II, and III) from 2002 to 2013. Split‐block treatments consisted of hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa L.), Austrian winter pea ( Pisum sativum L. sativum var. arvense ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), poultry litter, and a fallow control. Continuous soybean yield was equivalent to all rotations (2.6 and 2.7 Mg ha −1 , respectively; P = 0.23), however, yield varied per phase ( P < 0.001). Specifically, soybean yield in soybean‐soybean‐corn‐cotton during Phase II and corn‐corn‐soybean‐corn during Phase I (4.2 and 4.1 Mg ha −1 , respectively) exceeded continuous systems during Phases II and III ( P < 0.05). Poultry litter increased yield 11% across locations and years compared to wheat cover crops ( P < 0.05). Incorporating corn once within a Phase increased yield 8% relative to continuous soybean, whereas cotton (once or twice) within a rotation had no effect. Consequently, including corn once within a 4‐yr rotation and poultry litter improved soybean yields, albeit no mono‐cropping yield penalties occurred long‐term.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous soybean yield was equivalent to all rotations.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Continuous soybeane0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 2.6 and 2.7 Mg ha −1e0
- Comparator
- all rotationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous soybean yield was equivalent to all rotations (2.6 and 2.7 Mg ha −1 , respectively; P = 0.23)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield varied by phase.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- phasee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield varied per phase ( P < 0.001)”
e1“Continuous soybean yield was equivalent to all rotations (2.6 and 2.7 Mg ha −1 , respectively; P = 0.23)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean-soybean-corn-cotton in Phase II exceeded continuous systems in yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soybean‐soybean‐corn‐cotton during Phase IIe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 4.2e0
- Comparator
- continuous systems during Phases II and IIIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield in soybean‐soybean‐corn‐cotton during Phase II and corn‐corn‐soybean‐corn during Phase I (4.2 and 4.1 Mg ha −1 , respectively) exceeded continuous systems during Phases II and III ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn-corn-soybean-corn in Phase I exceeded continuous systems in yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- corn‐corn‐soybean‐corn during Phase Ie0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 4.1 Mg ha −1e0
- Comparator
- continuous systems during Phases II and IIIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yield in soybean‐soybean‐corn‐cotton during Phase II and corn‐corn‐soybean‐corn during Phase I (4.2 and 4.1 Mg ha −1 , respectively) exceeded continuous systems during Phases II and III ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry litter increased soybean yield 11% relative to wheat cover crops.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Poultry littere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- wheat cover cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poultry litter increased yield 11% across locations and years compared to wheat cover crops ( P < 0.05)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Including corn once in a phase increased soybean yield by 8% compared with continuous soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Incorporating corn once within a Phasee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Comparator
- continuous soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporating corn once within a Phase increased yield 8% relative to continuous soybean”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Including cotton once or twice in rotation had no effect on soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cotton (once or twice) within a rotatione0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton (once or twice) within a rotation had no effect”
e1“Continuous soybean yield was equivalent to all rotations (2.6 and 2.7 Mg ha −1 , respectively; P = 0.23)”
t0“Soybean”
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