Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani (AG 2-2 IIIB) is the causal agent of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot, a disease that causes severe economic problems in sugar beet growing areas worldwide. In the United States, azoxystrobin is the most important active ingredient for fungicidal control of R. solani in sugar beet, showing efficacy superior to other substances. First reports on resistance development in R. solani, however, underline the importance of a careful fungicide resistance management. For this reason, the efficacy of a new fungicide mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole was compared with a fungicide containing only azoxystrobin. Field trials were carried out under natural infection conditions as well as with inoculation in the years 2012, 2013, and 2014. Evaluation of the disease severity and the obtained white sugar yield of different sugar beet cultivars demonstrated that both fungicide treatments possess a similar efficacy, reducing the diseased beet surface by up to 78% and preventing yield losses. Additionally, a real-time PCR assay, based on DNA extracts from representative soil samples (250 g), was used to directly determine the effect of chemical treatment and plant cultivar on the soil-borne inoculum. Fungicide application significantly reduced the concentration of soil-borne inoculum by up to 97%. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the cultivation of a susceptible cultivar significantly increases the concentration of R. solani in the soil by a factor of 200. In conclusion, the study implies that only a combination of resistant cultivar and fungicide application can prevent an accumulation of R. solani inoculum under conducive conditions in infested fields.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The azoxystrobin-difenoconazole mixture and azoxystrobin alone had similar efficacy.
- Taxon
- Sugar Beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- a new fungicide mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazolee1
- Outcome
- similar efficacye0
- Direction
- similar efficacye0
- Comparator
- a fungicide containing only azoxystrobine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both fungicide treatments possess a similar efficacy, reducing the diseased beet surface by up to 78% and preventing yield losses.”
e1“a new fungicide mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole was compared with a fungicide containing only azoxystrobin.”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatments reduced diseased beet surface by up to 78%.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- both fungicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- diseased beet surfacee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- up to 78%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both fungicide treatments possess a similar efficacy, reducing the diseased beet surface by up to 78% and preventing yield losses.”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatments prevented sugar beet yield losses.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- both fungicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- preventinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both fungicide treatments possess a similar efficacy, reducing the diseased beet surface by up to 78% and preventing yield losses.”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application reduced soil-borne Rhizoctonia inoculum by up to 97%.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Fungicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- concentration of soil-borne inoculume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide application significantly reduced the concentration of soil-borne inoculum by up to 97%.”
e1“R. solani in sugar beet”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivation of a susceptible sugar beet cultivar raised soil R. solani concentration by a factor of 200.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- cultivation of a susceptible cultivare0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- concentration of R. solani in the soile0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- a factor of 200e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cultivation of a susceptible cultivar significantly increases the concentration of R. solani in the soil by a factor of 200.”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that resistant cultivar combined with fungicide is needed to prevent R. solani inoculum accumulation.
- Taxon
- Sugar BeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- a combination of resistant cultivar and fungicide applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only a combination of resistant cultivar and fungicide application can prevent an accumulation of R. solani inoculum under conducive conditions in infested fields.”
t0“Sugar Beet”
The same questions in other papers
azoxystrobin · control · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
difenoconazole · control · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
fungicide · Rhizoctonia solani · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
fungicide · yield · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →fungicide · control · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.